Homicidal Sleepwalking (Homicidal Somnambulism) A Rare Defense

When prosecutors decide to charge a person with a crime, one of the criminal elements that must exist is intent. Lawyers need to be able to prove that the defendant voluntarily committed the crime. In the case of homicidal sleepwalking, also known as homicidal somnambulism, the person cannot be held responsible for their crimes committed while sleepwalking, because they did not voluntarily commit the crime. There are very few cases where a person has been murdered, and the key suspect claims that they were sleepwalking when  they committed the crime. However, there are some cases where the defense has been able to prove that the defendants innocence using the sleepwalking defense. Here are some of those cases. Albert Tirrell In 1845, Albert Tirrell was married with two children when he fell in love with Maria Bickford, a sex worker  in a Boston brothel. Tirrell left his family to be with Bickford, and the two began living as husband and wife. Despite their relationship, Bickford continued to work in the sex industry, much to Tirrells displeasure. On October 27, 1845, Tirrell slit Bickfords neck with a razor blade, nearly decapitating her. He then set fire to the brother and fled to New Orleans.  There were several witnesses who identified Tirrell as the killer, and he was quickly arrested in New Orleans. Tirrells lawyer, Rufus Choate, explained to the jury that his client suffered from  chronic sleepwalking and that on the night that he murdered Bickford, he could have been suffering from a nightmare or experiencing a trance-like state, and therefore was unaware of his actions. The jury bought the sleepwalking argument and found Tirrell not guilty. It was the first case in the U.S. in which a lawyer used the defense of sleepwalking that resulted in a verdict of not guilty. Sergeant Willis Boshears In 1961, Sergeant Willis Boshears,  29, was a serviceman from Michigan, stationed in the U.K. On New Years Eve, Boshears spent the day drinking vodka and beer and had little to eat due to dental work. He stopped into a bar and got into a conversation with Jean Constable and David Sault. The three drank and talked and eventually made their way to Boshears apartment. When Constable and Sault began having sex in Boshears bedroom, he dragged a mattress by the fire and continued to drink alone. When they were finished, they joined Boshears on the mattress and fell asleep. Sault woke up at around 1 a.m., got dressed and left. Boshears fell back to sleep. The next thing he recalled was that he woke up with his hands around Jeans limp  neck. The following day he disposed of the body under a bush where it was discovered on January 3. He was arrested later the same week and charged with murder. Boshears pleaded not guilty, stating that he was asleep when he murdered Jean. The jury agreed with the defense and Boshears was acquitted. Kenneth Parks Kenneth Parks was 23 years old, married and with a 5-month old baby. He enjoyed an easygoing  relationship with his in-laws. In the summer of 1986, Parks developed a gambling problem and was in a lot of debt. In an effort  to get out of his financial problems he used the money in the family savings and began embezzling money from his place of employment. By March 1987, his theft was discovered, and he was fired. In May, Parks joined Gamblers Anonymous and decided it was time to come  clean  with his grandmother and his in-laws about his gambling debts. He arranged to meet his grandmother on May 23 and his in-laws on May 24. On May 24, Parks claimed that while he was still asleep, he got out of bed and drove to his in-laws house. He then broke into their home and assaulted the couple, then stabbed his mother-in-law to death. Next, he drove to the police station, and while he was asking for help, he apparently woke up. He told the police on duty that he thought he killed some people. Parks was arrested for the murder of his mother-in-law. The father-in-law somehow survived the attack. During his trial, his lawyer used the sleepwalking defense. It included the readings of an EEG that was given to Parks that produced highly irregular results. Unable to provide an answer as to what was causing the EGG results, it was concluded the Parks was telling the truth and had experienced a sleepwalking murder. The jury agreed, and Parks was acquitted. The Canadian Supreme Court later upheld the acquittal. Jo Ann Kiger On August 14, 1963, Jo Ann Kiger was having a nightmare and thought that a crazed madman was running through her home. She claimed that while she was asleep, she armed herself with two revolvers, entered her parents room where they were sleeping, and fired the guns. Both parents were hit with bullets. Her father died from his injuries, and her mother managed to survive. Kiger was arrested and charged with murder, but a jury was shown Kigers history of sleepwalking before the incident, and she was acquitted. Jules Lowe Jules Lowe of Manchester, England was arrested and charged with the murder of his 83-year-old father Edward Lowe, who was brutally beaten and found dead in his driveway. During the trial, Lowe admitted to killing his father, but because he suffered from sleepwalking, he did not remember committing the act.   Lowe, who shared a house with his father, had a history of sleepwalking, had never been known to show any violence towards his father and had an excellent relationship with him. Defense lawyers also had Lowe tested by sleep experts who provided testimony at his trial that, based on the tests, Lowe suffered from sleepwalking. The defense concluded that the murder of his father was a result of insane automatism and that he could not be held legally responsible for the murder. The jury agreed, and Lowe was sent to a psychiatric hospital where he was treated for 10 months and then released. Michael Ricksgers   In 1994, Michael Ricksgers was convicted of the murder of his wife. Ricksgers claimed that he shot his wife to death while sleepwalking. His lawyers told the jury that the episode was brought on by sleep apnea, a medical condition that the defendant suffered from. Ricksgers also said he thought that he dreamed that an intruder was breaking into their home and that he shot at him. The police believe Ricksgers was upset with his wife. When she told him she was leaving, he shot her to death. In this case, the jury sided with the prosecution and Ricksgers was sentenced to life in prison without the chance of parole. Why Do Some Sleepwalkers Become Violent? There is no clear explanation why some people become violent while sleepwalking. Sleepwalkers who are suffering from stress, sleep deprivation, and depression do seem more susceptible to experiencing violent episodes than others, but there is no medical proof that negative emotions result in  homicidal sleepwalking. Because there are so few cases  to draw conclusions from, a comprehensive medical explanation may never be available.

Border Security Deal Boosts Immigration Bill Prospects Essay

Alan, G., USA, T. (n.d): Border-security deal boosts immigration bill prospects. usa today. In this article, the author have related how to reinforce the U.S border from the inflow of illegal immigrants from Mexico and regularized those immigrants who already live in U.S .The worries that bill devoted be used to provide more manpower, fencing and technology on the border with Mexico is minimized. The U.S decision makers are divided about illegal immigration issue .One group decides to invest in border security, but other group suggests to use that bill to offer citizenship to millions of people before it is proven, or certified by Congress, that the porous border is truly secure so millions more will not follow them. Yet there is not a final decision about this illegal immigration issue. The author Alan Greenspan is economist, Ph.D. from New York City University. He was Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board and works currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. He Author of 19 books including The Age Of Turbulence: Adventures In A New World and39 followers The author was so specific in this article by talking only about Mexican immigrants .There is not only the Mexican people as illegal immigrants in U.S Immigrants came from everywhere. Because I will talk on immigration in general, I won’t use this article in my research. Bob, S., USA, T. (n.d). Immigration issues touch denominations. USAShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration On The United States2434 Words   |  10 PagesImmigration has been a topic for debate in the last couple of decades. Migrations have always caused a shock to the American people, whether it was from Japan, Eastern Europe, and now the large quantity of immigrants coming from Latin America. 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Organisational Changes And Developmenvt - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Changes And Development. Answer: Introduction Organizational change and development occurs only when a company moves from the present state to a developed state in the future which helps in increasing effectiveness. Change usually happens due to pressure from both external and internal forces in the organization, it usually affects the whole company. A company while trying to bring in development and change looks to increase the output but also tries to cut down on costs and expenses. As an external agent therefore I need to address a few key issues so that a University can see a major organizational change. There are three key areas which have been identified as areas for improvement. Firstly, it is about the environmental sustainability, errors in databases and communication[2]. Environmental sustainability Reducing printing cost The cost of printing is very often overlooked but it is one of the higher expenses in a university. This cost is unmonitored almost always resulting in needless expenditure. To address the issue a print management software like Papercut can be installed. The software if installed can track the amount of materials that have been printed. It helps in about 50 percent reduction in print volume. The software also helps keep documents secure and confidential. Another option can be to reduce colour printing as it is five times more expensive than black and white[3]. There can also be a secure pull printing where students do not have to print from different printers but can instead send their files to a network queue from which they can walk up and print anytime. Also, PDFs are the latest ways to reduce printing cost where large documents can be compressed and send via email to students. This can be done in case of lectures or books. PDFs also gives one access to the documents anytime and a nywhere. Therefore if a student fails to get a particular document to university he or she will always have the PDF to fall back on. Reducing Water Consumption First of all to reduce water consumption in a University one has to target leaks, fix them and then introduce water efficient technology[4]. These can include dual flash and sensor based toilets, low-flow shower heads, auto-shutoff mechanisms in sinks and basins[5]. Equipments like dishwashers, sprayers, steam cookers should also be used which reduce water consumption. Like in many other Universities including the one in Boston, rain water harvesting can also be done. In this type rain water is collected in large tanks which can be then used for flushing in toilets[6]. Elimination of trays in the dining hall can also reduce water consumption considerably and the university can save around 30,000 gallons of water per week. Awareness is also an issue and students ideally have to be reminded of things, therefore Save Water signs in washrooms can also help a great deal in reducing water consumption. Reducing energy consumption Energy consumption or otherwise electricity bills are another major area of concern for Universities. Usually the authorities and students need to be smart if they are to cut down on the expenses. First of all they can resort to day light harvesting. In day light harvesting classroom windows can be kept open and light turned off[7]. In Universities especially Zone Scheduling can be done too where lighting in definite sections of a building can be shut down or reduced on a schedule. In the classrooms occupancy sensors can be installed which detect infrared and motion signatures and adjusts light settings accordingly. Also the kind of lights that are being used should be looked into and LEDs should be installed of the same power so that it helps in cost reduction. Besides these, there can be processes like After-Hours Override which allow temporary changes in light settings after usual work hours at the University. A central monitoring and control can also be set up from where maintena nce staff can control and monitor the buildings of the university from different consoles[8]. Lastly, a holiday scheduling can be done where lighting can be controlled for classrooms, lecture hall, theatres or labs for the year ensuring that during holidays the lights do not run in occupied mode. Errors in databases Students and Employee Records Errors in maintaining a student record are always difficult to prevent. However, in a University is it very necessary as it concerns the future of a student. First of all the computers in which the databases and records of students are stored should be tuned regularly so that they perform smoothly. The files need to have a back up and then a maintenance check can be done. While maintaining the databases one can delete unnecessary files or files relating to duplicacy. Software like Oracle and Amazon DB also help in maintaining databases without glitches. Maintaining a database manually can get difficult at times and is more prone to errors. The same steps can be taken to maintain the records of employees of the University. The employees are an integral part of the institution and there should not be any discrepancies regarding their databases. Financial records These records too are extremely important to the University and should be maintained properly without errors. One small problem with figures can lead to bigger problems like excessive expenditure for the University and thus it should be avoided at all cost. Thus to keep an error free financial database one needs to keep the right kind of records with the right labeling. The records have to clearly document every income and expenditure. One has to attach supporting documents like invoices, bills, sales slips, cancelled checks and deposit slips in an organized way[9]. Gone are the days when business and educational institutions alike used to manually calculate the incomes and expenditures. Nowadays there are a lot of accounting software which help cut down the errors. Online software like Wave and Quickbooks have almost helped in minimizing risks in financial accounting to zero percent. These two types of software can be used instead of Tally in the University finance section and therefore it can help reduce the errors. Improving Communication between Departments The communication between departments is an issue in Universities as they do not have the same subject to talk about unlike in an office where everybody is working towards attaining the same goal. To create a cohesive environment between the students one should first identify what each department needs every day. Such information might range from books in the libraries, e books for kindle or even answer sheets. There should be an internal blog of the university where these things can then be put up along with the necessities of other departments. These help the departments come together on a single platform. The blog also helps the departments with a transparent two way communication channel. The communication can also be improved with the help of written communication like one Head of Department writing to another inviting him and the students to attend a seminar[10]. The Deans can also write to each other and to the students congratulating them on some new found successes. Improving communication between employees and management Relationships can seldom thrive without proper communication which is quite crucial for happiness and success. Therefore a proper communication process has to be established between the management and the employees. Check in with employees is a must, so that they can discuss the work they have at hand and the whole organization as a whole. Employees want to be heard and they are quite upbeat about sharing their opinions. The employees need to feel comfortable in their positions. It is not an easy task to improve a thing if one does not know what are the negatives. Communication techniques such as phone calls, text messages, in person communications and email all serve valuable purposes. Email might not be the perfect way to strike conversations with some one. Therefore, again there is a need of social intranet software. There should also be an Open Door Policy where professors should not feel uncomfortable in approaching the Deans or the Head of the Departments[11]. The professors or any employees for that matter might not feel at ease to share some experiences with their immediate bosses and thus there is always a need for the Open Door policy. Improving communications between peers Cultural fests and fetes are the best ways of having students interact with each other which is very necessary in a University. These can be staged twice a year to increase interaction. Also the social medias should be used for it too. This is a common platform where employees and students alike can share, like and comment interesting facts about the university[12]. A social intranet software can also be used where students can share their area of interest with one another to have meaningful conversations. Conclusion Thus to bring in change and development in the university the above plans need to be executed. Some are already in process which needs to be tweaked a bit if possible. Others have to be implemented if the university wants to cut down on the expenses and also improve the communication between students, employees and management. References Bero, B, E Doerry, R Middleton, C Meinhardt, "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus.". in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13, 2012, 133-149. Knapp, M, J Hall, Nonverbal Communication. in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. Linvill, D, S McGee, L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis.". in Public Relations Review, 38, 2012, 636-638. Macknick, J, R Newmark, G Heath, K Hallett, "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature.". in Environmental Research Letters, 7, 2012, 045802. Mattie, J, N Shelmon, J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations. in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. Moldan, B, S Janoukov, T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets.". in Ecological Indicators, 17, 2012, 4-13. Pitsis, T, A Simpson, E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation. in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. Ranney, J, W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences.". in Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 2015, 64-74. Tibbits, S, "Printing Products.". in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 3, 2016, 135-135. Wang, X, J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system.". in Lighting Research Technology, 49, 2016, 603-617. Ward, S, F Memon, D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system.". in Water Research, 46, 2012, 5127-5134. Watanabe, M, M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex.". in Photosynthesis Research, 116, 2013, 265-276. [1] T Pitsis, A Simpson E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation, in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. [2] B Moldan, S Janoukov T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets", in Ecological Indicators, vol. 17, 2012, 4-13. [3] S Tibbits, "Printing Products", in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, vol. 3, 2016, 135-135. [4] J Macknick et al., "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature", in Environmental Research Letters, vol. 7, 2012, 045802. [5] B Bero et al., "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus", in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, vol. 13, 2012, 133-149. [6] S Ward, F Memon D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system", in Water Research, vol. 46, 2012, 5127-5134. [7] M Watanabe M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex", in Photosynthesis Research, vol. 116, 2013, 265-276. [8] X Wang J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system", in Lighting Research Technology, vol. 49, 2016, 603-617. [9] J Mattie, N Shelmon J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations, in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. [10] J Ranney W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences", in Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 51, 2015, 64-74. [11] M Knapp J Hall, Nonverbal Communication, in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. [12] D Linvill, S McGee L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis", in Public Relations Review, vol. 38, 2012, 636-638.

The Lady and the Hooligan Review Essay Example

The Lady and the Hooligan Review Paper Essay on The Lady and the Hooligan To expect from the adventurous female detective of some seriousness, especially, is psychological, or even logic of life, of course, is not necessary. They are created to entertain. In most cases, set up like a blueprint beauty-heroine, a handsome musketeer -geroy. It good girl, he a reformed bully. Both steps in the mountains of corpses, which both appear easy, so easy, and disappear without any investigations and experiences. At the end of all rich and happy. On such literature will always be in demand. And personally, I did not intend for it to condemn. She sometimes falling on the couch with a similar book to relax the brain, I read a couple of hours and then forget. It is true of all female adventurers-detektivschits caught on my shelves only Tatyana Polyakova. Easy style, brisk change of scenes, characters, describe some, but very bright strokes If you want to forget about the troubles and not let the heavy thoughts in my head I read it. Sometimes no, but often funny. Ofte n easy and empty, but sometimes something slips It is this book Lady and the Hooligan for me one of those no way. The author has more serious things. There are more fun. This is the same standard carbon paper with everything that I listed above. And really comment on the product you will not write. Read and crumbled. Even without a deposit. A few days later emerge episode, and will remember for a long time and from what kind of book it is Heres what confuses  «Tatiana Polyakova was born in Vladimir, where he lives at the moment with my family?. She graduated from the philological faculty of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute, there was a family, a son was born. It had to arrange in kindergarten, and a place in the group at that time was very bad. Therefore, Tatiana went to work as a teacher in kindergarten and stayed there for 14 years.  » Modest kindergarten and permanent piles of corpses and selected bandits. Wow sublimation product:)) We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But to try Tatyana Polyakova in another genre Faculty of Philology Was never shoot » The result of all this 1. Wrote a review in a fit of bad mood because of the hanging previews of the book on my page in the Waiting reviews. It is unlikely that it will help the person who is waiting for this review 2. To read? Of course reading! If you want to. . If you want something easy and audacious Download electronic free here: 3. If you like serious literature and proud of your taste, immediately go to a different page. Immediately! 4. All.

Political and Economic Scenarios for the GCC by Catham House

The article ‘Political and Economic Scenarios for the GCC’ presents a brief synopsis of negotiations that were conducted at an intensive course convened at Chatham House in the last month of the spring in 2012. Part of Chatham House’s plan towards outlook tendencies in the GCC, the occasion assembled together a cluster of political objectors from diverse engagements, administrative and NGO councils, economists, commerce members, and scholars.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on ‘Political and Economic Scenarios for the GCC’ by Catham House specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several most noteworthy key issues that arose at the meeting. These issues integrated the long-lasting exertions to expand the GCC economies in the other direction from oil; moreover, these efforts are being threatened by existing tendencies in communal expenses. These efforts have a need for an ever-escal ating oil cost in order to stabilize the financial plan and are mostly providing subsidies for elevated wages and financial backing rather than prolific performance. In due course, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council require to be converted into less dependent on oil and overseas work force. According to the authors of the article, the necessity of these improvements diverges from state to state; however, each eventually has to face the similar confrontations. Economic incorporation exertions have to aim their attention on searching for collective resolutions. On the course of the following ten years, administration expenditure arrangements and the construction of the employment market will want to change, even despite the fact that the insistence of improvement differs among the GCC states. Financial variations capacity ultimately has to become the chief forces of political deviations. In most of the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, the main part of residents seeks for an evolutionary improvement. Furthermore, a diversity of applicants articulated an aspiration to subsidize concepts for their nation’s expansion and acknowledged that the administrations were occasionally too rapid to perceive criticism as a menace deprived of escalating its productive prospective. â€Å"This meeting was held under the Chatham House Rule and the views expressed are those of the participants. This document is intended to serve as an aide-mà ©moire to those who took part and to provide a general summary of discussions for those who did not† (Political and economic scenarios, 2012, p. 2). Basing on the information represented in the report, the improvements are perceived as unavoidable; however, the applicants pronounced worries towards this course of events.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current economic replies to the Arab arousals were mainly short-termist responsive strategies, concentrating on public-segment salary rambles, occupation formation, and sponsorships. These paces appeared to be departed against several of the optimistic longer-term performance that the administrations were implementing to turn the economies into more maintainable. As a result, from the analytical point of view, the GCC countries will require becoming less reliant on oil and extraneous work force. The insistence of such improvements differs; nonetheless, every state is believed to face the same challenges in the end. Economic assimilation exertions are recommended to center on the discovery of communal resolutions rather than merely providing the countries that were finishing their oil with substitute allowances. Moreover, the ambitions for party-political contribution differ from state to state due to the alterations in economic constructions, party-political principles, and history. In the majority of the Gulf Cooperation Council c ountries, the preponderance of inhabitants wants an evolutionary reorganization; a diversity of contestants uttered an aspiration towards contributing their thoughts for their state’s expansion. The Gulf Cooperation Council continues to be in an administratively perilous area, with the prospective for inconveniences to arise from Iran, Iraq and Yemen. References Political and economic scenarios for the GCC. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0512gcc_summarytwo.pdf This report on ‘Political and Economic Scenarios for the GCC’ by Catham House was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Examples of Images in Poetry, Fiction, and Nonfiction

Examples of Images in Poetry, Fiction, and Nonfiction An image is a representation in words of a sensory experience or of a person, place, or object that can be known by one or more of the senses.   In his book The Verbal Icon (1954), critic W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., observes that the verbal image which most fully realizes its verbal capacities is that which is not merely a bright picture (in the usual modern meaning of the term image) but also an interpretation of reality in its metaphoric and symbolic dimensions. Examples Far beyond her, a door standing ajar gave on what appeared to be a moonlit gallery but was really an abandoned, half-demolished, vast reception room with a broken outer wall, zigzag fissures in the floor, and a vast ghost of a gaping grand piano emitting, as if all by itself, spooky glissando twangs in the middle of the night.(Vladimir Nabokov, Ada, or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, 1969)In the shallows, the dark, water-soaked sticks and twigs, smooth and old, were undulating in clusters on the bottom against the clean ribbed sand, and the track of the mussel was plain. A school of minnows swam by, each minnow with its small individual shadow, doubling the attendance, so clear and sharp in the sunlight.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. One Mans Meat, 1942)Mr. Jaffe, the salesman from McKesson Robbins, arrives, trailing two mists: winter steaminess and the animal fog of his cigar, which melts into the coffee smell, the tarpaper smell, the eerie honeyed tangled drugstore smell.(Cynthia Ozick, A Drugstore in Winter. Art Ardor, 1983) That woman sitting on the stoop of an old brownstone house, her fat white knees spread apart- the man pushing the white brocade of his stomach out of a cab in front of a great hotel- the little man sipping root beer at a drugstore counter- the woman leaning over a stained mattress on the sill of a tenement window- the taxi driver parked on a corner- the lady with orchids, drunk at the table of a sidewalk cafe- the toothless woman selling chewing gum- the man in shirt sleeves, leaning against the door of a poolroom- they are my masters.(Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead. Bobbs Merrill, 1943)I should have been a pair of ragged clawsScuttling across the floors of silent seas.(T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 1917)The train moved away so slowly butterflies blew in and out of the windows. (Truman Capote, A Ride Through Spain. The Dogs Bark. Random House, 1973)It is time for the babys birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party. In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine.(Joan Didion, Going Home. Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968 He clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands.Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;He watches from his mountain walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.(Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The EagleAmong the strangest illusions which have passed like a haze before my eyes, the strangest one of all is the following: a shaggy mug of a lion looms before me, as the howling hour strikes. I see before me yellow mouths of sand, from which a rough woolen coat is calmly looking at me. And then I see a face, and a shout is heard: Lion is coming.(Andrei Bely, The LionThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.(Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro)[Eva] rolled up to the window and it was then she saw Hannah burning. The flames from the yard fire were licking the blue cotton dress, making her dance. Eva knew there was time for nothing in this world other than the time it took to get there and cover her daughters body wi th her own. She lifted her heavy frame up on her good leg, and with fists and arms smashed the windowpane. Using her stump as a support on the window sill, her good leg as a lever, she threw herself out of the window. Cut and bleeding she clawed the air trying to aim her body toward the flaming, dancing figure. She missed and came crashing down some twelve feet from Hannahs smoke. Stunned but still conscious, Eva dragged herself toward her firstborn, but Hannah, her senses lost, went flying out of the yard gesturing and bobbing like a sprung jack-in-the- box.(Toni Morrison, Sula. Knopf, 1973 [In] summer the granite curbs starred with mica and the row houses differentiated by speckled bastard sidings and the hopeful small porches with their jigsaw brackets and gray milk-bottle boxes and the sooty ginkgo trees and the banking curbside cars wince beneath a brilliance like a frozen explosion.(John Updike, Rabbit Redux, 1971) Observations Images are not arguments, rarely even lead to proof, but the mind craves them, and, of late more than ever.(Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 1907)In general, emotional words, to be effective, must not be solely emotional. What expresses or stimulates emotions directly, without the intervention of an image or concept, expresses or stimulates it feebly.(C.S. Lewis, Studies in Words, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1967) Images in Nonfiction ​Instinctively, we go to our store of private images and associations for our authority to speak of these weighty issues. We find, in our details and broken and obscured images, the language of symbol. Here memory impulsively reaches out its arms and embraces imagination. That is the resort to invention. It isnt a lie, but an act of necessity, as the innate urge to locate personal truth always is. (Patricia Hampl, Memory and Imagination. I Could Tell You Stories: Sojourns in the Land of Memory. W.W. Norton, 1999)In creative nonfiction you almost always have the choice of writing the summary (narrative) form, the dramatic (scenic) form, or some combination of the two. Because the dramatic method of writing provides the reader with a closer imitation of life than summary ever could, creative nonfiction writers frequently choose to write scenically. The writer wants vivid images to transfer into the mind of the reader after all, the strength of scenic writing lies in its ability to evoke sensual images. A scene is not some anonymous narrators report about what happened some time in the past; instead, it gives the feeling that the action is unfolding before the reader. (Theodore A. Rees Cheney, Writing Creative Nonfiction: Fiction Techniques for Crafting Great Nonfiction. Ten Speed Press, 2001)

The Law on Race Discrimination Has Undergone Transformation over the Essay

The Law on Race Discrimination Has Undergone Transformation over the Last 15 Years due to a Number of Significant Issues - Essay Example Thousands of people report cases of workplace discrimination by personal characteristics. Some of them are decisive enough to go to the court. Reasons why anti-discrimination laws appear to be ineffective are numerous and diverse. Basically, contemporary anti-discrimination laws are limited to negative torts against workplace discrimination; as such, they do not promote positive attitudinal changes in private business and do not provide conditions required to protect workers from unlawful discrimination. Discrimination: The current state of law Understanding why discrimination continues to persist is impossible without looking at the current state of anti-discrimination laws in Europe and America. For many years, the developed world had been concerned with the issue of workplace discrimination and possible ways to deal with it. As of today, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States run whole systems of anti-discrimination laws which, nevertheless, do not bring the desired effect. In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the central component of the country’s anti-discrimination legislation that applies widely across private and public organizations. The discussed law is followed and complemented by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). The latter goes beyond the problem of racial discrimination and prohibits discrimination on grounds that are not recognized by the U.S. Constitution (Rutherglen 1995). In the United Kingdom, the Race Relations Act (1975), the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), as well as the Disability Discrimination Act (1975) create the basic trio of laws, followed by numerous amendments that currently govern the issues of workplace discrimination in the country. It should be noted, that the past decade witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of anti-discrimination amendments passed by the British government (Fredman 2002). Nevertheless, the issue of workplace discrimination remai ns extremely relevant for Britain. Even in light of the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty establishing the European Union, Great Britain and other countries of Europe have been consistently unable to fight discrimination in the workplace. Given the growing extent of globalization and unification within the European Union, it comes as no surprise that the prevailing majority of EU anti-discrimination laws apply to the issue of free movement of migrant workers across EU member-states. According to the European Court of Justice, â€Å"a provision of national law must be regarded as indirectly discriminatory if it is intrinsically liable to affect migrant workers more than national workers and if there is a consequent risk that it will place the former at a particular disadvantage† (Commission v. Greece 1998). As such there is still no consistency in how the issue of discrimination is being managed. The situation in Australia is no better: as of today, Australia’s anti-discrim ination laws include Age Discrimination Act 2004, Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986, Disability Discrimination Act 1975, Racial Discrimination Act 1975, and Sex Discrimination Act 1984. It is no wonder that these laws and numerous amendments create a great deal of confusion and make it difficult for public and, especially, private enterprises to avoid legal complexities and protect their employees from abuse. Discrimination in the workplace: Still an issue? With so many laws governing the issue of work

Examination of Curriculum and Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Examination of Curriculum and Assessment - Essay Example plan for learners in grade 3-5 the curriculum is well designed as it meets most of the requirements in terms of the objectives of the study the deliverables that are expected out of the learning process and the entire process it topped up with a comprehensive assessment that will test the level of comprehension of the learners to ascertain if the objectives of the course were indeed met. The course is fashioned in the right manner and it will serve of great significance to the students since the knowledge that they will gain revolves around the daily experiences in their lives, especially in the American society where the issue of immigration is a significant problem since there is an influx of a vast number of unregistered immigrants who illegally cross over the border to seek refuge in the country. Some of the learners may be experiencing this problem first hand, thus the lesson will tend to give them knowledge and facts about the issue while elaborating the background of the probl em and the potential solutions that can be sought to solve it amicably (Scott, 2001). The immigration lesson plan is designed in a manner that it gives the learners an in-depth perspective on the topic by dispensing a pool of knowledge that is related to the issue of immigration in the world and particularly in America hence helps them to have a higher degree of risk and how experts use the very information and knowledge to formulate relevant policies that will contribute to deal and solve the problem amicably. Furthermore the primary aim of any syllabus is to equip learners with the skills of critical thinking so as they can be able to utilize the knowledge they have acquired in class to devise a solution for the challenges that they face in their environment (Scott, 2001). The immigration lesson touches on the social issues that are predominant in the American society hence the learners are privilege to utilize the skills of thinking critically and making rational decisions in their

Sales and Marketing Tourism Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sales and Marketing Tourism Report - Essay Example There are decorations in the Edwardian style: chandeliers, specially commissioned hand- painted woodcarvings and furnishing, rich fabric, Persian state of the art rugs, sophisticated designer furniture and brass – railed quality staircases (Kerin, 2006). There is awesome comfort in the 459 rooms. The rooms are divided into 294 pleasurable standard rooms, 17 luxury suites, 101 fantastic deluxe rooms, and 47 classic single rooms. It won’t go unmentioned that Radisson Edwardian Heathrow has received awards as its Henley’s AA Rosette serves the modern British cuisines with high quality native ingredients and Brasserie cafe that offers a more informal choice of drinks and food alike. For instance, on March 25 – 27, 2005 Radisson Edwardian Hotel hosted a â€Å"Dawn of the Dead† convention. Similarly, on March 21 – 24, 2008 a Science Fiction Easter Convention was hosted in the hotel (Bodenberg, 2002). In the analysis of the macro environment of Edwa rdian Heathrow hotel, its essential for the identification of factors that may in the event have an influence on a number of variables that may affect the company’s demand and supply levels and the associated costs(Bodenberg, 2002). The PESTLE analysis is among the checklist that is a mere framework categorizing the environmental influences as political, economic, social, technological and legal forces. The analysis examines the impacts of each factors and their interplay on business in effect to Edwardian Heathrow hotel. Pestle analysis is the strategic tool for an in depth comprehension of decline and growth, the position of business, potential and operations directions. This outcome can be used to take advantage of opportunities and structure contingency plans for presumed threats when designing the business and strategic plans ( Kotler & Makens, 2006). To start with, we shall take an analysis of the political environment. The elections of the country in England take place in the stipulated duration and have an added advantage to Edwardian Heathrow hotel. The law on employment stipulates on the human resource policies on workers remuneration and terms of employment. For instance, workers at the Edwardian Heathrow hotel have their pay on time though they work tirelessly to the satisfaction of the customer needs. There is great protection of the consumer by our company to ensure that he is not exploited in terms of price and services offered to requisite standards. The environmental regulations of the country are followed to the latter like, air and water non-pollution. The company has ensured that there is safe collection, storage and treatment of its waste (Oeklers, 2007). The industry specific regulations in the country relating to the management and operations of hotels are strictly adhered to by Edwardian Heathrow hotel. This is the reason for the many expansions that have beesn made by the company. The company conducts sophisticated checks and ad vanced investigations on its customers for efficiency to combat the fight on terrorism and warfare. In addition, there is a frequent check in the premises of the company for drug and substance abuse. The political trend in England of the king and queen has also positively ensured that services for them are always available. Secondly, the economic situation in terms of the economic growth trend is analyzed. The taxation system in the country is not to the detriment of Edwardian Heathro

The Truth About Area 51

The Truth About Area 51 Area 51 is a United States Air Force base that is a detachment of Edwards Air Force base. Area 51 is secluded from the public and no one is allowed there without permission from the United States government. Area 51 is located in Nevada eighty-three miles away from Las Vegas. There are many people who have many conspiracies about Area 51 and what actually happens inside of the base. In Area 51 there is no extraterrestrial activity. Area 51 is located in the United States of America near the west coast in Nevada, The CIA gave out the location of Area 51 due to it being against the law for them not to. The CIA was forced to give out where area 51 was because of the Freedom of Information law. The law allows members of the public to access records of governmental agencies. Area 51, about 83 miles northwest of Las Vegas, is synonymous in popular culture with government secrecy, and many have theorized that it holds the answer to one of the greatest questions plaguing mankind: Are we really alone in the universe? (Koran 1). Area 51 is in Nevada but it is far away from the most popular city in the state Las Vegas most likely to keep it away from the public so that they do not interfere with anything going on in or around the base. The government had to give out documents about Area 51 because of it being the law in the United States. The documents made repeated references to Area 51 and detailed how it was selected a s a testing area by the CIA, the U.S. Air Force and defense contractor Lockheed because of its remote location. They even included a map that confirmed its exact location (Kiger 1). The documents that the government has released about Area 51 explained that the CIA used it as a testing center and where it was on a map. The have been assumptions made that the government tried to clone extraterrestrials, but the government has denied it. People have assumed that Area 51 is where aliens will be if they are on Earth and they believe that thats where the moon landing was actually filmed. Ts the most famous military institution in the world that doesnt officially exist. If it did, it would be found about 80 miles outside Las Vegas in Nevadas high desert, (Jackson 1) Area 51 is far away from the public because of the government not wanting anyone to be around it. Area 51 is in an interesting location because the government using an air force base and not making a different base and hiding it better than they did. There are people who believe in Area 51 that there is extraterrestrial activity, meaning they believe that there are aliens inside of Area 51. Some theorize that the aliens are actually the ones running the show and that their goal is to create a human-alien hybrid (Dark Government 1) People think that Area 51 is actually ran by aliens and the government is hiding the fact that the aliens are working on something that the public doesnt know about. There are people who think that government officials at Area 51 salvage alien technology from UFOs and use it for their own personal use. People think that there are pilots who take aliens technology and use it for their own advantage against the aliens and then take the rest of the alien technology and use it to study. There are some people who have come up with the theory that aliens are allowed to abduct anyone they want to. People who think that aliens are allowed to abduct people so that they can do tests on them whenever they want are being ridiculous. There is a theory that theorists came up with that says aliens are trying to create a hybrid creatures because they are unable to reproduce on their own. People are thinking that aliens cant reproduce their own species anymore, so they are attempting to use humans to help with that. In the 1990s, declassified documents said that the object recovered at Roswell was actually a balloon created for a surveillance program called Project Mogul. The weather balloon story was a cover for this secret project. Of course, UFO believers say that the spy balloon story is also a cover, and that the Army really did recover an alien craft. (Strickland 1). People believe from the Roswell crash documents that the government released that the story the government gave the public is fake and that the government recovered an alien craft and are hiding it from the public. There was an alleged alien spaceship that crashed at Roswell, New Mexico and there are theories that the government met extraterrestrials from the spaceship and were able to use alien technology. If someone saw the alleged spaceship crash, then they surely wouldve seen aliens too if it was actually a spaceship. There are theories saying that the government have met with aliens and have studied alien technology. There are many people who believe that there are aliens at Area 51 and that they are running the show. Some people have seen a UFO over Washington State. The wasa press release that stated the government had recovered the remains of an unidentified flying object. (Darkgovernment.com 1). The army retracted the statement very quickly most likely because they didnt want the public to be informed about the UFO. The army claimed that it was just a weather balloon. UFO sightings arent necessarily aliens, they are government aircrafts that are being tested and are seen by people. Even though there have been representatives from the Air Force that have denied that aliens have anything to do with Area 51 that just makes people come up with even crazier conspiracy theories. The existence of aliens are Area 51 have been denied multiple times but people wont believe it because they dont trust the government. Major Bolden also admitted that Area 51 existed, but said the US government was not hiding alien life there. (Knapton 1) Major Bolden is the head of NASA and he would know if theres alien lif e more than anyone else. Hundreds of pages describe the genesis of the Nevada site that was home to the governments spy plane program for decades. The documents do not, however, mention aliens. (Bump 1) Area 51 has been the governments area to hold their planes. But they deny the fact of there being aliens. Veterans are talking, and-surprise! Surprise!-they arent telling any tales of space aliens or UFOs: (Orac 1) There are people who have worked at Area 51 and they arent mentioning aliens. There are a few things people dont understand about UFO conspiracy theories. If there are aliens, why would they come to Earth out of all places? Why would aliens come to Earth out of everywhere they could go in the universe. It is very surprising that an interview with an extraterrestrial thing is happening in the dark. While the narrator (Victor) mentions that the room has been kept dark on purpose for the comfort of the aliens, but that does not explain the reason behind the darkness. The alien didnt look to be too sensitive to the torch beams at the end of the video though. (Jones 1) The interview was in the dark, so no one could see the alien. This makes people believe that the alien was a costume with someone in it or with no one in it at all. The United States Air Force base Area 51 is a detachment from the Edwards Air Force base in Nevada. Area 51 is far away from the public because the government does not want anyone near it. The government will stop anyone thats approaching the base before they can get to it. There are trucks that drive around the perimeter of the base. There are people who believe there is extraterrestrial activity in Area 51 and there are others who believe there is no extraterrestrial activity inside of Area 51. There is no extraterrestrial activity inside of Area 51. Works Cited Aliens Everything You Want to Know. Accessed 4 Jan. 2017. The Atlantic. 13 Aug. 2013, Accessed 22 Dec. 2016. DarkGovernment, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. How Stuff Works. HowStuffWorks, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Jacobsen, Annie. Untitled post. LA Times, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Knapton, Sarah. Untitled post. The Telegraph, 19 June 2015, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Koran, Laura. Untitled post. CNN, 16 Aug. 2013, Accessed 22 Dec. 2016. Orac. Weblog post. ScienceBlogs, 1 Apr. 2010, Accessed 4 Jan. 2017.

Management Style Essay

Management style is the method of leadership that an administrator usually employs when running a business. Depending on business situation, a manager might need to employ more than one management style in a more or less formal way to accomplish the highest degree of effectiveness In their role. A range of management styles exist, such as active leadership, democratic leadership, directive leadership, paternalistic leadership, participatory leadership, servant leadership, and task-oriented leadership. Active leaders tend to lead by example and set a high standard for themselves and their employees. They wouldn’t ask an employee to take on a task they would be reluctant to do themselves. Democratic leaders seek to take all stakeholders’ opinion into account and achieve consensus before reaching a final decision. Although directive leaders are less authoritative than autocratic managers, they do not typically seek employees input. They often cite a short timeframe, and unpredictable client or an emergency situation as the reason for acting unilaterally. Participatory leaders are based on a coaching philosophy and focuses on empowering employees to seek their own knowledge and make their own decisions. It can be very effective in fluid work environments with shifting priorities. Servant leaders are based on a â€Å"people-come-first† philosophy. This style is about finding the most talented people to fun your organization and then empowering them to do what they do best. Paternalistic leaders are also similar to autocratic managers, except more sensitive to employees’ perspective. Managers who embrace this style are concerned with employees’ feeling and wellbeing. Task-oriented leaders may have once been project managers. They are experts in planning projects, allocating resources, assigning roles, setting benchmarks and keeping to strict deadlines. Management is about getting things done. Leadership is about achieving goals by creating a direction for a business and inspiring employees to take initiative and make the right decision.

Bus230 Exam Iii Review Ch10-13

BBus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Name: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. While trying to determine the effects of lighting and noise on workers' productivity, which of the following found that social and psychological factors could significantly affect productivity? A. Frederick Taylor B. Elton Mayo C. Abraham Maslow D. Victor Vroom E. B. F. Skinner 2. Theories X and Y are most closely associated with A. Abraham Maslow. B. Frederick Herzberg. C. Douglas McGregor. D. Elton Mayo. E. William Ouchi. 3. Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a A. roblem. B. motivation. C. morale. D. need. E. goal. 4. An inner drive that directs behavior toward objectives is called A. a goal. B. a need. C. motivation. D. morale. E. an incentive. 5. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person who buys a smoke alarm is motivated to do so in an attempt to fulfill the following need: A. physiological. B. social. C. esteem. D. security. E. self-actualization. 6. All of the following would be examples of objective assessments of an employee's performance appraisal except A. a factory worker's level of output. B. number of units sold for a salesperson.C. a ranking system for an office worker. D. batting average for a baseball player. E. shooting percentage for a basketball player. 7. The major reason for forming a labor union is that A. a group has more clout with management than an individual. B. management always listens to groups. C. unions are good social groups. D. unions are socialistic. E. unions force employers to hire too many people. 8. To achieve its objectives, management may use A. boycotts. B. strikes. C. lockouts. D. picketing. E. all of the above. 9. June works at McDonald's twenty hours per week as a grill operator.She will probably be paid with which of the following compensation methods? A. Commission. B. Time wages. C. Piece wages. D. A bonus. E. A salary. 10. When Sandy Smith moved to a new job that involved more responsibility and an increase in compensation, she received a A. transfer. B. demotion. C. lateral move. D. horizontal move. E. promotion. 11. When William Wilson became a father he began to look for household items that were safe for use around young children. His new perspective is related to his A. over-protectiveness. B. motivation. C. social class. D. reference groups. E. time utility. 12.After analyzing its own resources and unique abilities, a company is now trying to determine what group of customers it can satisfy with a good or service. It is in the process of choosing a A. production strategy. B. target market. C. sales plan. D. geographical region. E. product line. 13. When an organization hauls canned goods from the manufacturer to grocery stores, it is involved with which marketing function? A. Buying B. Selling C. Transporting D. Storing E. Grading 14. If a company markets to a segment of people who have a certain lifestyle, the type of segmentatio n being used is A. behavioristic. B. geographic. C. topographic.D. psychographic. E. demographic. 15. XYZ Inc. is surveying customers as to what kinds of services they would like the company to add. It is involved in the marketing function of A. buying. B. storing. C. financing. D. marketing research. E. risk taking. 16. Which of the marketing mix elements is the least flexible? A. Manufacturing B. Product C. Price D. Promotion E. Distribution 17. Many people incorrectly equate promotion with A. advertising. B. selling. C. pricing. D. product designing. E. distribution. 18. Which of the following involves the physical handling and movement of products in warehouse operations and in transportation?A. inventory planning and control B. transportation C. warehousing D. materials handling E. physical distribution 19. The financial value placed on an object involved in an exchange is A. the price. B. the discount. C. comparable value. D. negotiated value. E. nominal value. 20. Industrial products such as lumber, cotton, and iron are classified as A. major equipment. B. supplies. C. accessory equipment. D. raw materials. E. component parts. Bus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Key 1. (p. 300) B 2. (p. 304) C 3. (p. 296-297) D 4. (p. 296) C 5. (p. 302) D 6. (p. 330) C 7. (p. 340) A 8. (p. 342) C 9. (p. 335) B 10. (p. 332) E 1. (p. 378-379) D 12. (p. 369) B 13. (p. 365) C 14. (p. 373) D 15. (p. 365) D 16. (p. 408) E 17. (p. 409) A 18. (p. 408) D 19. (p. 399) A 20. (p. 392) D Bus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Summary Category|# of Questions| AACSB: Reflective Thinking|20| Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension|9| Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge|11| Difficulty: Easy|4| Difficulty: Hard|4| Difficulty: Medium|12| Ferrell – Chapter 10|5| Ferrell – Chapter 11|5| Ferrell – Chapter 12|5| Ferrell – Chapter 13|5| Learning Objective: 1|3| Learning Objective: 2|4| Learning Objective: 3|4| Learning Objective: 4|5| Learning Objective: 5|2| Learning Objective: 6|2|

US electoral college essays

US electoral college essays ELECTORAL COLLEGE SYSTEM: Is it time for a change? The recent presidential election brought to the forefront of the American publics mind the question of whether the Electoral College remains an appropriate method of electing the nations highest-ranking public official. Although the closeness of this race reminded the general public that they did not have the right to directly elect the president, the debate as to the value of this system, or the question of what is the best method, is not new. In fact, the shortcomings of the Electoral College system have for some time been the subject of academic debate (Abbott). Over the years, the favor, and disfavor, of the Electoral College system has ebbed and flowed with the possibility of an election resulting in no majority winner, due to a viable third party candidate, or the possibility of a president being elected without winning the popular vote. Thus, with the recent election of president Bush, who failed to win the popular vote, yet garnered the 270 Electoral Votes necessary to atta in a majority, the debate has again gained momentum as not a purely academic question (Wildvasky). While the Electoral College system does serve several arguably desirable objectives, it also limits the personal power of the voter. This paper will look at both sides of the debate, and then draw a conclusion as to whether or not the value of the Electoral College system outweighs the costs. However, before looking at the pros and cons of our present system, it is best to begin with an explanation of how the Electoral College system came about and its original intended purposes. By understanding this, the foundation of the Electoral College system can be applied to the 21st century and examined for its relevance. Finally, this paper will conclude that the Electoral College system does not fit with the realities of 21st century elections, nor is it even being used, as it was intended when adopt...

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life - An Overview

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life - An Overview The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a book that was published in the U.S. in 1959, written by sociologist  Erving Goffman. In it, Goffman uses the imagery of theater in order to portray the nuances and significance of face-to-face social interaction. Goffman puts forth a theory of social interaction that he refers to as the dramaturgical model of social life. According to Goffman, social interaction may be likened to a theater, and people in everyday life to actors on a stage, each playing a variety of roles. The audience consists of other individuals who observe the role-playing and react to the performances. In social interaction, like in theatrical performances, there is  a front stage region where the actors are on stage  before  an audience, and their consciousness of that audience and the audiences expectations for the role they should play influence the actors behavior. There is also a back region, or backstage, where individuals can relax, be themselves, and the role or identity that they play when they are in front of others. Central to the book and Goffmans theory is the idea that people, as they interact together in social settings, are constantly engaged in the process of impression management, wherein each tries to present themselves and behave in a way that will prevent the  embarrassment of themselves or others. This is primarily done by each person that is part of the interaction working to ensure that all parties have the same definition of the situation, meaning that all understand what is meant to happen in that situation, what to expect from the others involved, and thus how they themselves should behave. Though written over half a century ago,  The Presentation of Self in Everday Life  remains one of the most famous and widely taught sociology books, which was listed as the 10th most important sociology book of the twentieth century by the International Sociological Association in 1998. Performance Goffman uses the term ‘performance’ to refer to all the activity of an individual in front of a particular set of observers, or audience. Through this performance, the individual, or actor, gives meaning to themselves, to others, and to their situation. These performances deliver impressions to others, which communicates  information that confirms the identity of the actor in that situation. The actor may or may not be aware of their performance or have an objective for their performance, however, the audience is constantly attributing meaning to it and to the actor. Setting The setting for the performance includes the scenery, props, and location in which the interaction takes place. Different settings will have different audiences and will thus require the actor to alter his performances for each setting. Appearance Appearance functions to portray to the audience the performer’s social statuses. Appearance also tells us of the individual’s temporary social state or role, for example, whether he is engaging in work (by wearing a uniform), informal recreation, or a formal social activity. Here, dress and props serve to communicate things that have socially ascribed meaning, like gender, status, occupation, age, and personal commitments. Manner Manner refers to how the individual plays the role and functions to warn the audience of how the performer will act or seek to act in a  role (for example, dominant, aggressive, receptive, etc.). Inconsistency and contradiction between appearance and manner may occur and will confuse and upset an audience. This can happen, for example, when one does not present himself or behave in accordance with his perceived social status or position. Front The actor’s front, as labeled by Goffman, is the part of the individual’s performance which functions to define the situation for the audience. It is the image or impression he or she gives off to the audience. A social front can also be thought of like a script. Certain social scripts tend to become institutionalized in terms of the stereotyped expectations it contains. Certain situations or scenarios have social scripts that suggest how the actor should behave or interact in that situation. If the individual takes on a task or role that is new to him, he or she may find that there are already several well-established fronts among which he must choose. According to Goffman, when a task is given a new front or script, we rarely find that the script itself is completely new. Individuals commonly use pre-established scripts to follow for new situations, even if it is not completely appropriate or desired for that situation. Front Stage, Back Stage, and Off Stage In stage drama, as in everyday interactions, according to Goffman, there are three regions, each with different effects on an individual’s performance: front stage, backstage, and off-stage. The front stage is where the actor formally performs and adheres to conventions that have particular  meaning for the audience. The actor knows he or she is being watched and acts accordingly. When in the backstage  region, the actor may behave differently than when in front of the audience on the front stage. This is where the individual truly gets to be herself and get rid of the roles that she plays when she is in front of other people. Finally, the off-stage region is where individual actors meet the audience members independently of the team performance on the front stage. Specific performances may be given when the audience is segmented as such.

The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp - Essay Example The following discussion reflects on the events that occurred in the life of Colonel Blimp (Candy) during his tenure in the British army, with relevance to the actual situation at the time (Moor, 2012:45). The British cinematography intended to produce the movie for public viewing as of the year 1943. However, government interventions harbored the intended progress arguing that it contained sophisticated information that would not be allowed to the public as it belonged to the government. Colonel Blimp, characterized by Lieutenant Candy, is a borrowing from David Low’s artistic representations that conveyed militarized stories of a soldier who reflected an extend of stupidity in his decisions (Street, 2005:46). As observed with Candy, the degree of stupidity is undoubtedly high to the extent that he leads his battalion regiment in most weird ways. For instance, after receiving news that a battle would probably erupt in the night, Candy reacts promptly in readiness of the battl e. He carries out a military test to kidnap and imprison some of his seniors without any authority (Moor, 2012). However, his intentions target of ensuring the junior officers that in conducting a successful test, they would probably win in the expected battle. With clear confidence of a win in the battle, they intrude the general’s sauna in a spacious and equally protected building. Candy expresses to his general that he was conducting a test and that he had fallen a victim. The general gimmicks Candy’s confidence as he questions him in the act, whereby Candy recites his wish to win in the forthcoming battle (Connelly, 2005:47). This reflects an act of aggression but on the contrary remains inconsistent with the law since military orders emanate from the highest ranked individual in the hierarchy. Therefore, Lieutenant Candy exceeds his authority but argues out that the exercise would be a motivation and a guarantee that the British would win the battle. Through his u nexpected raid at the general’s house, Candy indicates his insatiable interest in winning the battle and assures his subjects that they shall pursue the enemy before the declaration of the battle (Moor, 2012:48). The approach to the battle portrays the unethical tactics that the British government endured on in combating their enemies during the first and second world wars. The general warns Candy over the untimely invasions citing that they should not advance or strike in the battlefield unless authorities declare the war officially. Colonel Blimp declines to the idea and challenges his superior without showing respect to the rank. The two argue out on the best process but Candy declines and insults his general as one filled with cowardice and lacking the spirit of aggression. The general feels humiliated and retaliates to the youthful lieutenant telling him that he would realize of how stupid a youth is in his olden days. Finally, they engage in a fight and eventually the g eneral draws Candy into the pool. As Candy swims out of the pool, he is older and in accordance to the hospitality drawn towards him, it is easier to establish that he is highly ranked in the army. Currently, Candy seems to have a denial on military duties and continuously has cultivated comical aspects instead of the serious military role model. Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger write the movie in a way that they portray the characters in

Invaluable fashion brands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Invaluable fashion brands - Essay Example The essay "Invaluable fashion brands" explores the brands if fashion those are Invaluable. The Demeulemeester fashion shape became more extended and restructured with a close consideration to detail with the use of pioneered techniques and resources. Ann Demeulemeester regularly produces cloth wears that are unique and instantaneously recognizable. Her designs stand out among others in any display. The line began by drawing inspiration from gothic and punk styles while remaining focused to her ideas. Demeulemeester pieces, which have been labeled as "funereal", have delicate hints of sentiment and weight on sexuality (Socha, 2015). The Demeulemeester label is believed to have $50 million in annual incomes. The label runs separate stores in Hong Kong, Antwerp as well as Tokyo. In November 2013, Demeulemeester declared that she was exiting her eponymous fashion house. Rick Owens, a Southern Californian, instigated designing after a two-year period in design school in Los Angeles. Owens founded his namesake fashion line in 1994. However, he stayed mainly below the radar with a small but devoted clientele in the subversive glam rock and grunge groups who valued the slim-fitting leather jackets and unfinished jersey knits. The fashion trade ultimately took note of the abilities illustrated in Rick Owens skill to join a gothic, distressed susceptibility with fashion design like complexity. In 2001, Owens moved the making of his line to Italy where he relocated to Paris with his partner Michele Lamy.

Critical evaluation of why G4S Security Company failed in the 2012 Assignment

Critical evaluation of why G4S Security Company failed in the 2012 Olympic - Assignment Example The main reason behind the failure of the contract between Olympic committee and G4S was the staffing problem of the company. G4S could not maintain the terms if the contract and thus the contract cost them a huge amount. G4S, the largest international security solutions group, specialises in providing security solutions to those countries where risk of safety and security are conceived as a serious strategic threat. The company has provided successful security solutions to many countries but after the death of Jimmy Mubenga in 2010, it had started to face its darkest days. Several controversies followed the death and later in 2012 the security disaster at Olympic Games provided a severe blow to the company’s strategic actions and the company had to pay a huge amount as penalty (Taylor, 2012). If the issue is looked upon very closely, it can be observed that the company had undertaken many wrong policies for taking the contract of providing security solutions to Olympic Games. It overvalued the number of security personnel and also increased the pay of the chief executives when the company was encountering huge loss. All the issues led to the failure of the contract with the Olympic committee. However, the company has to pay an amount of  £ 88 million as penalty. The report highlights the facts that lead to the failure of the security contract of G4S with Olympic Games in 2012 (Shift Media Publication, 2013). The main issue was staffing problem and the company shares were also falling as the investors came to know about the issue. If the financial statements of the company are studied it can be noticed that the Annual Report 2012 does not have any transaction information regarding Olympic 2012. The financial statements do not have information regarding the transaction pertaining to Olympic Games. The only existence of the incident is written in small letter in the Performance Highlights section of

Kant vs. Hegel Essay Example for Free

Kant vs. Hegel Essay Hegel’s concept of the â€Å"Absolute Idea† claims that there is a universal and ideal standard that is continuously being revealed throughout history, in various forms of human expression. The Absolute Idea can be interpreted as God, nature, spirit, or reality. With art, there is no such thing as â€Å"Art for Art’s sake† because art is a manifestation of the unfolding of the Absolute Idea. In Hegel’s Art History, the progression of art is always moving closer to ultimate reality, because spiritual realization is teleological. The Absolute is fully realized when form and content are harmonious and concrete in their depiction of spirit and man. Beauty is dependent upon these things. For Hegel, the classical period is characterized by the depiction of ideal beauty in the perfect human body in ancient Greek sculpture. However, the concreteness of the human body is later seen as limited for not representing spirit and imagination in a more abstract form. Therefore, Hegel’s ideal of beauty is ever changing according to Art’s development in history, and his terms. In other words, Hegel calls the shots. In contrast to Hegel, Kant’s philosophy of art was a deliberate attempt to remove personal subjectivity. Like Hegel, Kant did believe there was a universal beauty, or Absolute of something, except Kant did not have any references to measure this by. For Kant, we can only come to know what is really beautiful when one has no agenda, concept, or comparison to measure the object with. From Kant’s perspective, Hegel is attached to all of these things, and therefore he can not really know beauty outside of his own perception. It is an intuitive inner knowing, versus a cognitive knowing. This is significantly different from Hegel’s ideal of beauty, since knowing what is really beautiful can never be answered concretely, but rather intuitively.

A Defense of Whitman :: Biography Biographies Essays

A Defense of Whitman  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Whether they have loved or loathed his poetry, each writer or critic who has encountered "Leaves of Grass" has had to come to some sort of reckoning with Walt Whitman. The Good Gray Poet, the grandfather of American poetry, has been deified by some and labeled a cultural and artistic barbarian by others. While Whitman freely admitted in his preface to the final publication of "Leaves of Grass" that the work was faulty and far from perfect, some critics see no redeeming qualities in Whitman's art. Henry James goes so far as to say, "Whitman's verse...is an offense to art." (James, p.16) James chastises Whitman for extolling and exploiting what James feels are truisms. To James, Whitman's poetry is completely self-aggrandizing; it lacks substance and coherence. Through an examination of a specific poem, "The Wound Dresser", the claims of James and other negative critics can be refuted.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The broadest and most general critiques can be dismissed most readily. Henry James accuses Whitman of refusing to deal with challenging moral questions in his poetry. Whitman speaks of the evils of war, suffering, and senseless death in graphic detail in "The Wound Dresser", but to James these evils are obvious targets for lesser poets.    "A great deal of verse that is nothing but words has, during the war, been sympathetically sighed over and cut out of newspaper corners because it possessed a certain simple melody." (James, p.16)       James denies Whitman's poetry even a simple melody. Whitman is more an emotional opportunist than a poet. James even claims that Whitman's primary goal is the glorification of the Union army. The poem in question, however, hints at a different conclusion. "(was one side so brave? The other side was equally brave)" (Whitman, p.249). In dealing with supposed truisms Whitman's poem begins to ask the question: if the inherent evils of war, suffering, and senseless death are indeed so painfully obvious to you, Henry James, and your world, why are they supported with such fervor? Why in fact do they exist at all? Whitman happens to write from a sincere moral minority of which Henry James is a part. Thus to label Whitman altruistic is to label James as well.    John Jay Chapman levels the most absurd attack on Whitman:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   "The man [Whitman] knew the world merely as an outside observer, he was never a living part of it, and no mere observer can understand the life about him.

Essay on Australian Culture Essay

The composers of In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer and Love Letter: McIver’s Baths have helped me to further understand Australian culture by using a variety of language devices and techniques to uncover the Australian culture. Chris West, the author of In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer reveals that Australians respect the harsh landscape and presents beach culture as a prominent aspect n the lives of Australia. Helen Pitt, the author of Love Letter: McIver’s Baths, uncovers Aboriginal beliefs in Australian principles and shows that multiculturalism is freely accepted in Australian society. West conveys the Australian landscape to be harsh and rugged, yet respected and valued by Australians. West personifies the land and describes how it â€Å"points like a crooked finger†. The use of the verb â€Å"points† gives the land an intimidating quality. West continues to describe the land as â€Å"a patch of God’s country. † The juxtaposition of the two phrases suggests that the Australian is feared but respected and cared for by Australians. This comparison has broadened my understanding of the Australian culture. This idea is similar to Pitt’s description of the beach â€Å"which is as curvy as the female form. † The simile creates a unique attractiveness, which is intriguing but is appreciated in Australian culture. Both West and Pitt expose an underlying appreciation of natural beauty in Australia, confirming my understanding of Australian culture. Pitt has employed the use of figurative devices that helped extend my understanding of Australian culture. â€Å"You nursed me†¦your swell embraced me in a way she no longer could. † The use of apostrophe gives the baths motherly qualities. The verbs â€Å"nursed† and â€Å"embraced† mimic the actions of a mother caring for her child. The quote also alludes to the old Aboriginal beliefs that the land is mother. This reveals that Aboriginal culture and beliefs are still present in today’s society and highly respected in Australian culture. In West’s article, there are also allusions to Aboriginal culture. He describes children playing on the beach â€Å"under the watchful eyes of black-clad elders†. Both composers display an aspect of Aboriginal culture and its importance in Australian society, thus deepening my understanding of Australian culture. In West’s article, beach culture is displayed as a prominent aspect in the lives of Australians. He describes businessmen and how they â€Å"peel off their swimsuits in the beachfront parking lots, towel down and don sober business attire then drive straight to work. † The use of the verb â€Å"peel† suggests that the beach and beach culture is part of them, that it’s in their skin and soul. Pitt reinforces the idea that being at one with sea and its surrounding environment is what is truly valued in Australian society. â€Å"I took refuge in your barnacled depths, reacquainting myself†¦with what it meant to be Australian. † Both composers explore the notion that having connection with the beach is genuinely valued in Australian culture, thus challenging my understanding of Australian culture. In Pitt’s article, multiculturalism is celebrated by showing the freedoms that we as Australians, no matter what cultural heritage we have, are able to enjoy. â€Å"Muslim women frolicking in burkinis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the verb â€Å"frolicking† suggests that the women feel comfortable enjoying the Australian environment without fear of prejudice from other cultures. The revelation of the carefree attitude towards cultural diversity in Australian culture has expanded my understanding of Australian culture. West also presents the acceptance of a diverse range of culture in his article. â€Å"Families of newly arrived Mediterranean immigrants fetch extravagant picnics†¦from the trunks of Japanese-built sedans† Both composers clarify that people of other cultures and religions are accepted and welcomed in Australian society. The confirmation has contributed to my understanding of Australian culture. By manipulating a range of language devices, both composers have challenged and reinforced my understanding of Australian culture, beliefs and values. West and Pitt both confirm that the harsh yet spectacular landscape of Australia is respected and cherished in Australian culture. They both uncover Aboriginal beliefs that are still present in today’s society. Multiculturalism and beach culture are both thoroughly exposed by West and Pitt. In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer and Love Letter: McIver’s Baths have definitely helped me to further understand Australian culture.

Study of Electromagnetic Clutch

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us great pleasure when a certain task is accomplished with great zeal and enthusiasm. We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us in completing this project. First and foremost, we feel greatly indebted to Mr. D. M. SINGH and Mr. UBAID AHMAD KHAN, from the core of our heart for their constant support and valuable guidance time to time, because they encouraged and persuaded us to complete the project. We are also thankful to entire faculty members for their support.In order to complete the project we have taken help from various sites, books, study material etc. INTRODCTION A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation, which can be engaged and disengaged. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one shaft is typically driven by motor or pulley, and other shaft drives another device. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together an d spin at the same speed (engaged), or be decoupled and spin at different speeds (disengaged). The clutch disc (centre) spins with the flywheel (left).To disengage, the lever is pulled (black arrow), causing a white pressure plate (right) to disengage the green clutch disc from turning the drive shaft, which turns within the thrust-bearing ring of the lever. Never will all 3 rings connect, with any gaps. TYPES OF CLUTCH DOG CLUTCH A dog clutch is a type of clutch that couples two rotating shafts or other rotating components not by friction but by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip.Dog clutches are used where slip is undesirable and/or the clutch is not used to control torque. Without slippage, dog clutches are not affected by wear in the same way that friction clutches are. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rota ting input and output shafts. A synchromesh arrangement ensures smooth engagement by matching the shaft speeds before the dog clutch is allowed to engage. Wet and dry A ‘wet clutch' is immersed in a cooling lubricating fluid, which also keeps the surfaces clean and gives smoother performance and longer life.Wet clutches; however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid. A ‘dry clutch', as the name implies, is not bathed in fluid. Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil), stacking multiple clutch disks can compensate for the lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged. Cone clutch A cone clutch serves the same purpose as a disk or plate clutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction.The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging acti on and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. They are usually now confined to very specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in extreme off-road vehicles, although they are common in power boats. This is because the clutch doesn't have to be pushed in all the way and the gears will be changed quicker. Centrifugal clutchA centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses centrifugal force to connect two concentric shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the driven shaft. Centrifugal clutches are often used in mopeds, lawnmowers, go-karts, chainsaws, and mini bikes. Fluid coupling A fluid coupling is a hydrodynamic device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and/or controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.Torque limiter It is also known as safety clutch. A torque limiter is an automatic device that protects mechanical equipment, or its work, from damage by mechanical overload. A torque limiter may limit the torque by slipping (as in a friction plate slip-clutch), or uncouple the load entirely (as in a shear pin). The action of a torque limiter is especially useful to limit any damage due to crash stops and jams. Torque limiters may be packaged as a shaft coupling or as a hub for sprocket or sheave. A torque limiting device is also known as an overload clutch. Electromagnetism What is an electromagnet?An electromagnet can be made by sending current through a coil of wire wound around an iron core. When current passes through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet. This phenomenon is called electromagnetis m. Since the magnet is produced electric current, it is called the electromagnet. In short, when current flow through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated. When the current ceases, the magnetic field disappear. The direction of the magnetic field formed by a current carrying straight wire can be determined by the Right Hand Grip Rule or the Maxwell Screw Rule.What is magnetic field pattern? A magnetic field pattern can be represented by field lines that show the shape of the field. Magnetic field lines which are closed together represents strong field. Field direction is defined as the direction indicated by a compass needle placed in the magnetic field. Force on current carrying conductor If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets, then the field due to current carrying conductor and the permanent magnets interact and cause the a force to be exerted on the conductor .The force on the current carrying conductor in a magnetic field depends on:- 1. The flux density of the field, B teslas 2. The strength of current, I amp 3. The length of the conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field 4. The direction of the field and current When the magnetic field, the current and the conductor are mutually perpendicular to each other then force exerted: F=IBL Newton When the conductor and magnetic field are at an angle, then the force exerted: F=IBLsin? Where; I=current, B magnetic field, L=Length of conductor ?-angle between conductor and magnetic field.Right Hand Grip Rule Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb pointing along the direction of the current. The other fingers give the direction of the magnetic field around the wire. The Maxwell's Screw Rules The Maxwell Screw Rules sometime is also called the Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule. Imagine a right handed screw being turn so that it bores its way in the direction of the current in the wire. The direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic fie ld. Electromagnetic clutch Electromagnetic clutches operate electrically, but transmit torque echanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. CONSTRUCTION A horseshoe magnet has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic clutch, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a clutch, when power is applied, a magnetic field is created in the coil. This field (flux) overcomes an air gap between the clutch rotor and the armature. This magnetic attraction, pulls the armature in contact with the rotor face.The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to start. The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor. For many industrial clutches, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate, but different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque for special applications).For example, if the clutch is required to have an extended time to speed or slip time, a low coefficient friction material can be used and if a clutch is required to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low rpm applications), a high coefficient friction material can be used. In a clutch, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to pass into the rotor, and in turn, attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete clutch engagement. Most industrial clutches use what is called a single flux, two pole design. Mobile clutches of other specialty electromagnetic clutches can use a double or triple flux rotor.The double or trip flux refers to the number of north/south flux paths, in the rotor and armature. This means that, if the armature is designed properly and has similar banana slot s, what occurs is a leaping of the flux path, which goes north south, north south. By having more points of contact, the torque can be greatly increased. In theory, if there were 2 sets of poles at the same diameter, the torque would double in a clutch. Obviously, that is not possible to do, so the points of contact have to be at a smaller inner diameter.Also, there are magnetic flux losses because of the bridges between the banana slots. But by using a double flux design, a 30%-50% increase in torque, can be achieved, and by using a triple flux design, a 40%-90% in torque can be achieved. This is important in applications where size and weight are critical, such as automotive requirements. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminium) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.To help increase life in applications, f riction material is used between the poles on the face of the rotor. This friction material is flush with the steel on the rotor, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic clutches and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel that the clutch has already worn down but this is not the case. Clutches used in most mobile applications, (automotive, agriculture, construction equipment) do not use friction material.Their cycle requirements tend to be lower than industrial clutches, and their cost is more sensitive. Also, many mobile clutches are exposed to outside elements, so by not having friction material, it eliminates the possibility of swelling (reduced torque), that can happen when friction material absorbs moisture. HOW DOES IT WORKS The clutch has four main parts: field, rotor, armature, and hub (output) . When voltage is applied the stationary magne tic field generates the lines of flux that pass into the rotor. (The rotor is normally connected to the part that is always moving in the machine. The flux (magnetic attraction) pulls the armature in contact with the rotor (the armature is connected to the component that requires the acceleration), as the armature and the output start to accelerate. Slipping between the rotor face and the armature face continues until the input and output speed is the same (100% lockup). The actual time for this is quite short, between 1/200th of a second and 1 second. Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade, flux falls rapidly and the armature separates.One or more springs hold the armature away from the rotor at a predetermined air gap. Engagement time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic clutch. The first one is the time that it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the rotor. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air..Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the rotor will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the clutch. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a â€Å"drift† in its accuracy as the machine gets older.The second factor in figuring out response time of a clutch is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves cal culating the amount of inertia that the clutch needs to accelerate. This is referred to as â€Å"time to speed†. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the clutch to start then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of clutch can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a clutch is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the clutch or brake.To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (wk2 ? ?N) / (308 ? t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ? N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to accelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Circuit design and analysis OBJECTIVE A control circuit is to be designed to control the motor and drive unit. The Design specifications are to be fully implemented.An incomplete circuit and equipments are given and once it is understood appropriate values for the different components should be decided. These values should allow the circuit to perform as specified. Design Specification A circuit is to be designed which is 1. Allows the angular speed of the motor to build up to a value of 20 revolutions per minute (rpm), in a time of 2 seconds (s). 2. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 3s. 3. When clutch pedal is pressed it brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 4.Builds up the angular speed again to 20 rpm, in a time of 2s, except this time in the opposite direction. 5. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 6s. 6. Brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 7. Repeats the cycle above (1-6) indefinitely when powered on. The motor must not be in dynamic braking mode at the same time as it is being driven. CIRCUIT OPERATION The initial design for the complete circuit is shown below. All references to components refer to this circuit diagram. * ANALOGUE SECTION When power is supplied to the circuit the 555 Timer switches on and its output pulses high.The initial high pulse is longer because the 555 Timer is initially at 0V. The capacitor C3 usually charges from 1/3Vcc to 2/3Vcc. However initially it has to charge from 0V to 2/3Vcc. The duration of this initial high pulse is ta = 1. 1(R6 + R7)*C3 After the initial high pulse a constant charge time is the capacitor charge time is given as tc= 0. 693(R6 + R7)*C3 (1) The output of the timer is brought up to +5V by R5. Pin 3 of the 555 Timer is at +5V when the output is at logic high.TR2 is then forward biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is grounded. TR2 has a base current limiter R4. TR1 has a base current limiter R2. Transistor TR1 is now reversed bias (i. e. it is open circuited) and C1 now charges up via resistor R1. As a result the motor turns on. If suitable values of resistor R1 and capacitor C1 are used then the required waveform will be obtained for the analogue output. The duration of this low pulse is td= 0. 693(R7)*C3 (2) Pin 3 of the 555 Timer goes to 0V.TR2 is then reverse biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is at +5V. Transistor TR1 is now forward biased (i. e. it is short-circuited) and C1 now discharges. The motor is now switched off. * Digital Section The voltage at the collector of TR2 provides the input clock pulse for IC2, which is configured so that it is triggered on the rising edge. Both the inputs A1 and A2 are always grounded. When the output from pin 3 of the 555 Timer is high the transistor TR2 forward biased. Therefore the input to IC2 is high. It is seen that when this occurs the output Q is high.This in turn becomes a clock signal for the J-K flip- flop (IC3) and provides Logic 1 on one of the OR-gate inputs of IC4. After IC2 is triggered, it remains high fo r a time determined by the formula tw= C2*R8*ln2 (3) C2 and R8 control the length of time of braking as well as switching the direction of the motor. When IC2 is reset a pulse is sent to the negative edge triggered J-K flip-flop (IC3). From the Data sheet for (IC3) it is seen that with the clear high and both the inputs J and K high the JK toggles.Assuming that the initial state of (IC3) is Q = 1 and Q = 0, A is initially at logic 0 and B is at logic 1. Therefore the motor will rotate to the left in an anti-clockwise direction. When IC 2 is being triggered logic 1 will be applied to both of the OR-Gates of IC4. As a result A and B will be high. The motor will now be in dynamic braking mode. When the IC 2 is reset, Q now is logic zero and Q is logic high. Therefore A will be high and B will now be zero. The motor will now run in a clockwise direction. When the IC 2 is re-triggered it will again be in dynamic braking mode.Circuit Simulation PSpice Before building the circuit that the group had modified and it was necessary to simulate its operation to see if the design we had would work correctly i. e. within the parameters. The simulation was carried out in an electrical simulation package Pspice. Pspice is a useful design tool that allows the testing of electrical circuits without the necessity to build them. It allows designs to be modified quickly and easily so that new ideas and improvements can be incorporated, before the circuit is constructed.This saves time and a considerable part of the effort when de-bugging the wiring and operation of the circuit. There were a number of reasons that the group simulated the circuit before going to the actual building stage. The main advantage was that Pspice allowed us to use theoretical values for components so we could get the timing of the circuit-very important in this case- exactly right. Although this does not mean that ‘ideal’ components may be used in practice it allowed us to narrow the range of available components that were required. This saved time when building and testing the circuit.Another advantage was that the wiring of ICs (Integrated circuit) was made simpler because we could use the Pspice schematics as a visual aid COMPONENTS USED Resistors The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is used to indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram. There are two classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common.Fixed ResistorsA fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change. Carbon film resistorsThis is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is  ±5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used. Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage ; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistors are recommended for use in analog circuits. The physical size of the different resistors is as follows. METAL FILM RESISTOR| | Metal film resistors are used when a higher tolerance (more accurate value) is needed.They are much more accurate in value than carbon film resistors. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. Resistors that are about  ±1% are more than sufficient. Ni-Cr (Nichrome) seems to be used for the material of resistor. The metal film resistor is used for bridge circuits, filter circuits, and low-noise analog signal circuits. From the top of the photograph 1/8W (tolerance  ±1%) 1/4W (tolerance  ±1%) 1W (tolerance  ±5%) 2W (tolerance  ±5%)| Rough size| Rating power (W)| Thickness (mm)| Length (mm)| | | 3| 1/4| 2| 6| 1| 3. 5| 12| 2| 5| 15| |VARIABLE RESISTORThere are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor which value is eas ily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other is semi-fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is used to adjust the operating condition of the circuit. Capacitors The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram.The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged. Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors) The most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is that they have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode. [Polarised] This means that it is very important which way round they are connected.If the capacitor is subjected to voltage exceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It is extremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Make absolutely no mistakes. Generally, in the circuit diagram, the positive side is indicated by a â€Å"+† (plus) symbol. Electrolytic capacitors range in value from about 1 µF to thousands of  µF. Ceramic capacitors Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium used as the dielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they can be used in high frequency applications.Typically, they are used in circuits which bypass high frequency signals to ground. These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their capacitance is comparatively small. TRANSISTORSThe transistor's function is to amplify an electric current. Many different kinds of transistors are used in ana log circuits, for different reasons. This is not the case for digital circuits. In a digital circuit, only two values matter; on or off. The amplification abilitiy of a transistor is not relevant in a digital circuit. In many cases, a circuit is built with integrated circuits(ICs). Transistors are often used in digital circuits as buffers to protect ICs.For example, when powering an electromagnetic switch (called a ‘relay'), or when controlling a light emitting diode. (In my case. ) Two different symbols are used for the transistor. PNP type and NPN type INTEGRATED CIRCUITSAn integrated circuit contains transistors, capacitors, resistors and other parts packed in high density on one chip. Although the function is similar to a circuit made with separate components, the internal structure of the components are different in an integrated circuit. The transistors, resistors, and capacitors are formed very small, and in high density on a foundation of silicon.They are formed by a v ariation of printing technology. There are many kind of ICs, including special use ICs. DIODEA diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device.Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode)(Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. RELAYThe relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e. g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e. g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed. | WIRING MATERIALWire is used to electrically connect circuit parts, devices, equipment etc. There are various kinds of wiring materials The different types of wire can be divided largely into two categories: single wire and twisted strand wire, single wire is used to connect devices (resistors, capacitors etc. together on the PWB. It is also used for jumper wiring. Twisted strand wire can bend freely, so it can be used for wiring on the PWB, and also to connect discrete pieces of equipment. If single wire is used to connect separate equip ment, it will break soon, as it is not very flexible. It is convenient to use the single tin coated wire of the diameter 0. 32 mm for the wiring of PWB. If the diameter is larger, soldering becomes a little bit difficult. And if the diameter is too thin, it becomes difficult to bend the wire the way you want it to stay.DiscussionsElectro-Magnetic CompatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility is a field which is becoming ever more important in the modern world as the use of electronic devices becomes even more widespread. It refers to the effect of electromagnetic waves on an electrical device and the degree to which this device affects other devices in the neighbourhood. This interference can act in a number of ways. Conduction – the interference occurs because of a current flow into the circuit from an external source or from one part of the circuit to another via an unintended path. e. g. a loose wire.Inductive coupling – the interference is caused by a magnetic field i n the neighbourhood of the device. This can affect the electrons flowing in the wires of the device. Capacitive coupling – the interference is caused by an electric field in the vicinity of the device. This also affects the current flowing in the device. Radiation – this type of interference is caused by waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. One example of this is radio waves being affected by radiation from a nearby mobile phoneIn the control circuit for the de-burring machine there were very few sources of EM interference.The voltage levels used meant that any waves generated would probably not be of sufficient power to affect external devices. The time was not available to measure the interference being generated by the control circuit but if a real company was planning to develop this product they would have to test it thoroughly to ensure that no compatibility problems would exist under normal operating conditions. For example in a factory environment it is possi ble that the circuit could be placed near sensitive devices such as computers.The reverse is also true the manufacturer must check to ensure that the circuit is not adversely affected by the other forms of EM interference generated in the workplace by devices such as robots, air conditioning systems and motors. One advantage of the control circuit for the de-burring machine is that it is very compact so it would therefore not be too expensive to construct a case which would shield the device from external sources of EM waves and also contain any emissions generated by the device. It would also be possible to put a filter on the analogue output from the circuit to remove any noise being picked up by the circuit.This would ensure that the analogue output was not seriously affected; however it is not really necessary. The analogue output level for the device was chosen to be 1. 2V because this gives a relatively low RPM however it could be raised so that any noise picked up would only alter the analogue output by a very small percentage. The gearing could then be adjusted to give the correct speed. The largest source of EM emissions from the de-burring machine would probably be the motor itself. This is because of the magnetic fields generated by the rotor and stator coils.As stated on the motor data sheet no testing has been carried out on the EMC of the motor but no effect has been noticed on the circuit. The simplest solution to any problems caused by the motor would be to place some form of shielding around the motor or to place the motor a distance away from the control circuit. GearingThe motor and control unit used in the construction of the circuit was not suitable for operation at the low RPM required for the drum of the de-burring machine. The lowest voltage possible speed input to the control unit was 500 rpm when the input voltage was 1V.In order to scale down the speed of the drum it was decided to use a gearing unit. In order to meet the specificati ons of the design brief it is required to drop the speed of the motor to 20rpm. Given the current design of the circuit the output voltage of 1. 2V gives a speed of 800rpm. This means that a gear ratio of 800:20 or 40:1 is required. This can be achieved by using two gear wheels with diameters in the ratio 40:1 but this would not be practical as it would require one wheel to be a great deal larger than the other. Using 2 gear wheels would also result in the drum turning in the opposite direction and this is undesirable.Gear TrainsAnother possible gear combination to achieve the required reduction in speed would be to use three cogs. The first two would be in the ratio 8:1 and then the second two in the ratio 5:1. To achieve this a ‘gear train’ would have to be formed as shown in figure 5. 1. This would save space and also correct the problem of the drum rotating in the wrong direction as the second cog would reverse the direction then the third would return it to normal. Planetary GearingAn even more compact method of gearing would be to use what is known as a planetary gear.In this type of gearing mechanism the smaller cogs are fitted inside the larger cogs as shown in figure 5. 2 below. The red cogs are held stationary and the yellow gear is connected to the input. This saves space by having the input and output on the same axis and also makes the mechanism more robust by using three central gears instead of one. This would reduce the servicing required by the machine which is an important consideration in industry. The red and yellow gears would be in the ratio of 5:1 and the blue and red gears would have to be in the ratio 8:1 to give the required 40:1 reduction.Worm GearsThe final type of gear to be considered is the worm gear (figure 5. 3). In this system the reduction factor can be very large which would allow one cog to make the 40:1 reduction? Worm gears also have the useful property of being one way. The angle between the worm and the gea r teeth is such that the worm can turn the gear but the gear cannot be used to turn the worm. This would be particularly useful as an additional form of braking for the drum of the de-burring machine however the circuit would have tobe re-designed to slow the analogue output from its full voltage to zero gradually.If this were not done the gears would lock when the motor stopped and the sudden jerk would place a great stress on the components. If the circuit was to be re-designed as suggested the dynamic braking of the motor would be redundant. Improvements to DesignAfter completion of the circuit it was evident that a number of improvements could be made to the design that would make the circuit more versatile or better suited to its task. These will be covered in this section with the aim of showing possible routes for further development of the circuit. Had time permitted some of these could have been tried in the laboratory.Perhaps the simplest of the possible routes for improvi ng the circuit is the replacement of resistors R6 and R6 with variable resistors. This would allow the forward and reverse times for the drum spinning to be altered. In this way the most suitable length of time for the parts to be de-burred can be found without the need to re-build the circuit. It would also mean that different components, requiring different lengths of time, could be de-burred in the same machine, although not at the same time. This would allow the machine to be more flexible and save the company money.By using variable resistors the times could also be fine tuned to compensate for any errors in the timing caused by the tolerances of the components used and also any extra resistance caused by the non-ideal nature of the components. Another improvement to the design would be to eliminate the extended first pulse from the 555 timer which causes the drum to rotate longer on its first cycle. Because the pulse is part of the operation of the 555 timer it is hard to alte r before it affects the analogue out so one solution would be to have some form of clutch system between the drum and motor.This would disengage the drum from the motor at start-up and not allow the drum to be turned until after the first cycle. Some form of circuit could be designed to control the clutch and only engage the motor after the first cycle has passed. Another alternative would be to have the clutch only engage after a set time equal to the duration of the first cycle. This could either be a mechanical or electrical timer and would be required to engage the clutch after 7. 746†¦ +1+8=16. 75sec. Some form of switch could also be incorporated into the circuit to reset the JK flip-flop each time the circuit is switched on.This ensures that the flip-flop always starts in the correct state and that the motor is always turning in the right direction for its first rotations. This switch would also allow the cycle to be restarted without turning the power off. Such a functi on could be simply implemented by connecting the reset pin to +5V via a switch. A final consideration when improving the circuit would be to alter the switching circuit for R6 in such a way that one resistor is always connected and connecting a second resistor in parallel with it alters the total resistance as shown in figure A.A-Alternative Switching CircuitPractical ConsiderationsWhile the motor circuit worked as required in the laboratory test, a number of other factors must be brought into consideration when the circuit is being designed for use in industry. One of the major factors has already been discussed in the section on EMC but there are many more will be briefly covered in this section. One of the most obvious differences between the test equipment and an industrial system is the motor being driven.For safety reasons the motor connected to the circuit was a low power motor but to drive a large drum a larger motor with a higher torque would be required. While the controll er card used can only support motors with an operating voltage up to 30V, a similar controller could be designed to operate at much higher output voltages while still being run off of the same circuit. Another possibility would be to run a number of motors off of on control circuit. This would allow a much greater number of parts to be de-burred without the need for an exceptionally large drum. This would introduce the problem of fan-out however.The relatively low analogue output voltage of 1. 2V would have to be increased if a large number of controller cards were to be driven. The same is true of the voltages from the OR gates controlling direction. This is problem is easily rectified by using op-amps to boost the voltage. When the system is being used in a factory environment there are also a number of environmental issues to be deal with. There could be a great deal of dust or fine particles of metal in the air from the de-burring process, it is also possible that in an automate d process the factory may not be heated.Placing the control circuit in a sealed container can resolve some of these issues, as this will prevent dust from affecting its operation. It would also be possible to incorporate shielding into this casing to improve EMC. The temperature issue is not very important, as it is unlikely that the operating ranges of the IC would be exceeded. For 74 series chips this is in the region of 0-70? C and 54 series chips have an operating range of about –50-120? C. The final consideration when constructing a system for industry would be ease of manufacture.If a large number of these machines were required the circuit would have to be laid out in such a way that it could be easily constructed on printed circuit boards. There are computer programs available to aid the designer in this process and it would be unlikely to cause a major problem. ConclusionsHaving designed and constructed the circuit it was felt that it met all of the given specificati ons although there were still a number of improvements that could have been made. These improvements have been covered briefly in the discussion section and given more time they could have been implemented in the circuit.As already mentioned the only specifications not met were that on start-up the machine should rotate for 3 seconds in one direction before braking and reversing. Using the clutch method mentioned in the discussions could solve this but the design brief given did not extend to cover the drum so has not been included in the final design. During the course of the project a number of other points became evident which greatly ease the process of designing an electronic circuit. Simulation using a computer package such as Pspice saves a considerable amount of time by allowing the circuit to be easily laid out and tested.Any changes required can be made easily without disturbing the rest of the circuit. Another advantage of Pspice is the ability to produce graphs of the ou tputs from the circuit, which can then be scaled, formatted and printed as required. To do this for the actual circuit requires very specialised and expensive equipment. In conclusion, the group felt that all objectives had been met and that the final circuit was successful in fulfilling its role. A number of important lessons were learned about the problems involved in designing a circuit to meet a real-world need and ways of overcoming these problems were found.BILL OF MATERIALS S. NO. | ITEMS| Quantity| PRICE | 1. | motor| 1| | 2. | Diode | | | 3. | capacitor| | | 4. | 555 timer| | | 5. | Relay switch| | | 6. | Coils| | | 7. | resistances| | | 8. | transformer| | | 9. | Wiring materials| | | 10. | Integrated circuit| | | 11. | Wiring board| | | References[1] Schematic Capture with Microsim Pspice Herniter Prentice Hall 3 Ed. Rd P250-252[2] http://www. emclab. umr. edu/An Introduction to EMCUniversity of Missouri-Rolla EMC laboratory[3] http://reality. sgi. com/csp/scvemc/emcdef. tmlEnsuring Compatibility Between the Electromagnetic Environment and Electric and Electrical Devices Kimball William, Chairman, IEEE EMC Education Committee[4] http://www. howstuffworks. com/gears. htmHow gears Work[5]www. scribd . com[6]www. mechanicalprojects. comBackground Reading * Digital Fundamentals Floyd Prentice Hall 7 Edition t h. * Introductory Circuit Analysis Boylestad Prentice Hall 9 Edition t h. * Machine Design – R. K. Rajput. * Kinematics Of Machine – R. S. khurmi. * Automobile Engineering – R. K. Rajput | | |