Critical evaluation of why G4S Security Company failed in the 2012 Assignment

Critical evaluation of why G4S Security Company failed in the 2012 Olympic - Assignment Example The main reason behind the failure of the contract between Olympic committee and G4S was the staffing problem of the company. G4S could not maintain the terms if the contract and thus the contract cost them a huge amount. G4S, the largest international security solutions group, specialises in providing security solutions to those countries where risk of safety and security are conceived as a serious strategic threat. The company has provided successful security solutions to many countries but after the death of Jimmy Mubenga in 2010, it had started to face its darkest days. Several controversies followed the death and later in 2012 the security disaster at Olympic Games provided a severe blow to the company’s strategic actions and the company had to pay a huge amount as penalty (Taylor, 2012). If the issue is looked upon very closely, it can be observed that the company had undertaken many wrong policies for taking the contract of providing security solutions to Olympic Games. It overvalued the number of security personnel and also increased the pay of the chief executives when the company was encountering huge loss. All the issues led to the failure of the contract with the Olympic committee. However, the company has to pay an amount of  £ 88 million as penalty. The report highlights the facts that lead to the failure of the security contract of G4S with Olympic Games in 2012 (Shift Media Publication, 2013). The main issue was staffing problem and the company shares were also falling as the investors came to know about the issue. If the financial statements of the company are studied it can be noticed that the Annual Report 2012 does not have any transaction information regarding Olympic 2012. The financial statements do not have information regarding the transaction pertaining to Olympic Games. The only existence of the incident is written in small letter in the Performance Highlights section of

Kant vs. Hegel Essay Example for Free

Kant vs. Hegel Essay Hegel’s concept of the â€Å"Absolute Idea† claims that there is a universal and ideal standard that is continuously being revealed throughout history, in various forms of human expression. The Absolute Idea can be interpreted as God, nature, spirit, or reality. With art, there is no such thing as â€Å"Art for Art’s sake† because art is a manifestation of the unfolding of the Absolute Idea. In Hegel’s Art History, the progression of art is always moving closer to ultimate reality, because spiritual realization is teleological. The Absolute is fully realized when form and content are harmonious and concrete in their depiction of spirit and man. Beauty is dependent upon these things. For Hegel, the classical period is characterized by the depiction of ideal beauty in the perfect human body in ancient Greek sculpture. However, the concreteness of the human body is later seen as limited for not representing spirit and imagination in a more abstract form. Therefore, Hegel’s ideal of beauty is ever changing according to Art’s development in history, and his terms. In other words, Hegel calls the shots. In contrast to Hegel, Kant’s philosophy of art was a deliberate attempt to remove personal subjectivity. Like Hegel, Kant did believe there was a universal beauty, or Absolute of something, except Kant did not have any references to measure this by. For Kant, we can only come to know what is really beautiful when one has no agenda, concept, or comparison to measure the object with. From Kant’s perspective, Hegel is attached to all of these things, and therefore he can not really know beauty outside of his own perception. It is an intuitive inner knowing, versus a cognitive knowing. This is significantly different from Hegel’s ideal of beauty, since knowing what is really beautiful can never be answered concretely, but rather intuitively.

A Defense of Whitman :: Biography Biographies Essays

A Defense of Whitman  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Whether they have loved or loathed his poetry, each writer or critic who has encountered "Leaves of Grass" has had to come to some sort of reckoning with Walt Whitman. The Good Gray Poet, the grandfather of American poetry, has been deified by some and labeled a cultural and artistic barbarian by others. While Whitman freely admitted in his preface to the final publication of "Leaves of Grass" that the work was faulty and far from perfect, some critics see no redeeming qualities in Whitman's art. Henry James goes so far as to say, "Whitman's verse...is an offense to art." (James, p.16) James chastises Whitman for extolling and exploiting what James feels are truisms. To James, Whitman's poetry is completely self-aggrandizing; it lacks substance and coherence. Through an examination of a specific poem, "The Wound Dresser", the claims of James and other negative critics can be refuted.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The broadest and most general critiques can be dismissed most readily. Henry James accuses Whitman of refusing to deal with challenging moral questions in his poetry. Whitman speaks of the evils of war, suffering, and senseless death in graphic detail in "The Wound Dresser", but to James these evils are obvious targets for lesser poets.    "A great deal of verse that is nothing but words has, during the war, been sympathetically sighed over and cut out of newspaper corners because it possessed a certain simple melody." (James, p.16)       James denies Whitman's poetry even a simple melody. Whitman is more an emotional opportunist than a poet. James even claims that Whitman's primary goal is the glorification of the Union army. The poem in question, however, hints at a different conclusion. "(was one side so brave? The other side was equally brave)" (Whitman, p.249). In dealing with supposed truisms Whitman's poem begins to ask the question: if the inherent evils of war, suffering, and senseless death are indeed so painfully obvious to you, Henry James, and your world, why are they supported with such fervor? Why in fact do they exist at all? Whitman happens to write from a sincere moral minority of which Henry James is a part. Thus to label Whitman altruistic is to label James as well.    John Jay Chapman levels the most absurd attack on Whitman:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   "The man [Whitman] knew the world merely as an outside observer, he was never a living part of it, and no mere observer can understand the life about him.

Essay on Australian Culture Essay

The composers of In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer and Love Letter: McIver’s Baths have helped me to further understand Australian culture by using a variety of language devices and techniques to uncover the Australian culture. Chris West, the author of In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer reveals that Australians respect the harsh landscape and presents beach culture as a prominent aspect n the lives of Australia. Helen Pitt, the author of Love Letter: McIver’s Baths, uncovers Aboriginal beliefs in Australian principles and shows that multiculturalism is freely accepted in Australian society. West conveys the Australian landscape to be harsh and rugged, yet respected and valued by Australians. West personifies the land and describes how it â€Å"points like a crooked finger†. The use of the verb â€Å"points† gives the land an intimidating quality. West continues to describe the land as â€Å"a patch of God’s country. † The juxtaposition of the two phrases suggests that the Australian is feared but respected and cared for by Australians. This comparison has broadened my understanding of the Australian culture. This idea is similar to Pitt’s description of the beach â€Å"which is as curvy as the female form. † The simile creates a unique attractiveness, which is intriguing but is appreciated in Australian culture. Both West and Pitt expose an underlying appreciation of natural beauty in Australia, confirming my understanding of Australian culture. Pitt has employed the use of figurative devices that helped extend my understanding of Australian culture. â€Å"You nursed me†¦your swell embraced me in a way she no longer could. † The use of apostrophe gives the baths motherly qualities. The verbs â€Å"nursed† and â€Å"embraced† mimic the actions of a mother caring for her child. The quote also alludes to the old Aboriginal beliefs that the land is mother. This reveals that Aboriginal culture and beliefs are still present in today’s society and highly respected in Australian culture. In West’s article, there are also allusions to Aboriginal culture. He describes children playing on the beach â€Å"under the watchful eyes of black-clad elders†. Both composers display an aspect of Aboriginal culture and its importance in Australian society, thus deepening my understanding of Australian culture. In West’s article, beach culture is displayed as a prominent aspect in the lives of Australians. He describes businessmen and how they â€Å"peel off their swimsuits in the beachfront parking lots, towel down and don sober business attire then drive straight to work. † The use of the verb â€Å"peel† suggests that the beach and beach culture is part of them, that it’s in their skin and soul. Pitt reinforces the idea that being at one with sea and its surrounding environment is what is truly valued in Australian society. â€Å"I took refuge in your barnacled depths, reacquainting myself†¦with what it meant to be Australian. † Both composers explore the notion that having connection with the beach is genuinely valued in Australian culture, thus challenging my understanding of Australian culture. In Pitt’s article, multiculturalism is celebrated by showing the freedoms that we as Australians, no matter what cultural heritage we have, are able to enjoy. â€Å"Muslim women frolicking in burkinis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the verb â€Å"frolicking† suggests that the women feel comfortable enjoying the Australian environment without fear of prejudice from other cultures. The revelation of the carefree attitude towards cultural diversity in Australian culture has expanded my understanding of Australian culture. West also presents the acceptance of a diverse range of culture in his article. â€Å"Families of newly arrived Mediterranean immigrants fetch extravagant picnics†¦from the trunks of Japanese-built sedans† Both composers clarify that people of other cultures and religions are accepted and welcomed in Australian society. The confirmation has contributed to my understanding of Australian culture. By manipulating a range of language devices, both composers have challenged and reinforced my understanding of Australian culture, beliefs and values. West and Pitt both confirm that the harsh yet spectacular landscape of Australia is respected and cherished in Australian culture. They both uncover Aboriginal beliefs that are still present in today’s society. Multiculturalism and beach culture are both thoroughly exposed by West and Pitt. In Sydney’s Suburbs, An Endless Summer and Love Letter: McIver’s Baths have definitely helped me to further understand Australian culture.

Study of Electromagnetic Clutch

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us great pleasure when a certain task is accomplished with great zeal and enthusiasm. We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us in completing this project. First and foremost, we feel greatly indebted to Mr. D. M. SINGH and Mr. UBAID AHMAD KHAN, from the core of our heart for their constant support and valuable guidance time to time, because they encouraged and persuaded us to complete the project. We are also thankful to entire faculty members for their support.In order to complete the project we have taken help from various sites, books, study material etc. INTRODCTION A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation, which can be engaged and disengaged. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one shaft is typically driven by motor or pulley, and other shaft drives another device. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together an d spin at the same speed (engaged), or be decoupled and spin at different speeds (disengaged). The clutch disc (centre) spins with the flywheel (left).To disengage, the lever is pulled (black arrow), causing a white pressure plate (right) to disengage the green clutch disc from turning the drive shaft, which turns within the thrust-bearing ring of the lever. Never will all 3 rings connect, with any gaps. TYPES OF CLUTCH DOG CLUTCH A dog clutch is a type of clutch that couples two rotating shafts or other rotating components not by friction but by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip.Dog clutches are used where slip is undesirable and/or the clutch is not used to control torque. Without slippage, dog clutches are not affected by wear in the same way that friction clutches are. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rota ting input and output shafts. A synchromesh arrangement ensures smooth engagement by matching the shaft speeds before the dog clutch is allowed to engage. Wet and dry A ‘wet clutch' is immersed in a cooling lubricating fluid, which also keeps the surfaces clean and gives smoother performance and longer life.Wet clutches; however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid. A ‘dry clutch', as the name implies, is not bathed in fluid. Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil), stacking multiple clutch disks can compensate for the lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged. Cone clutch A cone clutch serves the same purpose as a disk or plate clutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction.The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging acti on and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. They are usually now confined to very specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in extreme off-road vehicles, although they are common in power boats. This is because the clutch doesn't have to be pushed in all the way and the gears will be changed quicker. Centrifugal clutchA centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses centrifugal force to connect two concentric shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the driven shaft. Centrifugal clutches are often used in mopeds, lawnmowers, go-karts, chainsaws, and mini bikes. Fluid coupling A fluid coupling is a hydrodynamic device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and/or controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.Torque limiter It is also known as safety clutch. A torque limiter is an automatic device that protects mechanical equipment, or its work, from damage by mechanical overload. A torque limiter may limit the torque by slipping (as in a friction plate slip-clutch), or uncouple the load entirely (as in a shear pin). The action of a torque limiter is especially useful to limit any damage due to crash stops and jams. Torque limiters may be packaged as a shaft coupling or as a hub for sprocket or sheave. A torque limiting device is also known as an overload clutch. Electromagnetism What is an electromagnet?An electromagnet can be made by sending current through a coil of wire wound around an iron core. When current passes through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet. This phenomenon is called electromagnetis m. Since the magnet is produced electric current, it is called the electromagnet. In short, when current flow through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated. When the current ceases, the magnetic field disappear. The direction of the magnetic field formed by a current carrying straight wire can be determined by the Right Hand Grip Rule or the Maxwell Screw Rule.What is magnetic field pattern? A magnetic field pattern can be represented by field lines that show the shape of the field. Magnetic field lines which are closed together represents strong field. Field direction is defined as the direction indicated by a compass needle placed in the magnetic field. Force on current carrying conductor If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets, then the field due to current carrying conductor and the permanent magnets interact and cause the a force to be exerted on the conductor .The force on the current carrying conductor in a magnetic field depends on:- 1. The flux density of the field, B teslas 2. The strength of current, I amp 3. The length of the conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field 4. The direction of the field and current When the magnetic field, the current and the conductor are mutually perpendicular to each other then force exerted: F=IBL Newton When the conductor and magnetic field are at an angle, then the force exerted: F=IBLsin? Where; I=current, B magnetic field, L=Length of conductor ?-angle between conductor and magnetic field.Right Hand Grip Rule Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb pointing along the direction of the current. The other fingers give the direction of the magnetic field around the wire. The Maxwell's Screw Rules The Maxwell Screw Rules sometime is also called the Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule. Imagine a right handed screw being turn so that it bores its way in the direction of the current in the wire. The direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic fie ld. Electromagnetic clutch Electromagnetic clutches operate electrically, but transmit torque echanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. CONSTRUCTION A horseshoe magnet has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic clutch, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a clutch, when power is applied, a magnetic field is created in the coil. This field (flux) overcomes an air gap between the clutch rotor and the armature. This magnetic attraction, pulls the armature in contact with the rotor face.The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to start. The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor. For many industrial clutches, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate, but different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque for special applications).For example, if the clutch is required to have an extended time to speed or slip time, a low coefficient friction material can be used and if a clutch is required to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low rpm applications), a high coefficient friction material can be used. In a clutch, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to pass into the rotor, and in turn, attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete clutch engagement. Most industrial clutches use what is called a single flux, two pole design. Mobile clutches of other specialty electromagnetic clutches can use a double or triple flux rotor.The double or trip flux refers to the number of north/south flux paths, in the rotor and armature. This means that, if the armature is designed properly and has similar banana slot s, what occurs is a leaping of the flux path, which goes north south, north south. By having more points of contact, the torque can be greatly increased. In theory, if there were 2 sets of poles at the same diameter, the torque would double in a clutch. Obviously, that is not possible to do, so the points of contact have to be at a smaller inner diameter.Also, there are magnetic flux losses because of the bridges between the banana slots. But by using a double flux design, a 30%-50% increase in torque, can be achieved, and by using a triple flux design, a 40%-90% in torque can be achieved. This is important in applications where size and weight are critical, such as automotive requirements. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminium) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.To help increase life in applications, f riction material is used between the poles on the face of the rotor. This friction material is flush with the steel on the rotor, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic clutches and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel that the clutch has already worn down but this is not the case. Clutches used in most mobile applications, (automotive, agriculture, construction equipment) do not use friction material.Their cycle requirements tend to be lower than industrial clutches, and their cost is more sensitive. Also, many mobile clutches are exposed to outside elements, so by not having friction material, it eliminates the possibility of swelling (reduced torque), that can happen when friction material absorbs moisture. HOW DOES IT WORKS The clutch has four main parts: field, rotor, armature, and hub (output) . When voltage is applied the stationary magne tic field generates the lines of flux that pass into the rotor. (The rotor is normally connected to the part that is always moving in the machine. The flux (magnetic attraction) pulls the armature in contact with the rotor (the armature is connected to the component that requires the acceleration), as the armature and the output start to accelerate. Slipping between the rotor face and the armature face continues until the input and output speed is the same (100% lockup). The actual time for this is quite short, between 1/200th of a second and 1 second. Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade, flux falls rapidly and the armature separates.One or more springs hold the armature away from the rotor at a predetermined air gap. Engagement time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic clutch. The first one is the time that it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the rotor. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air..Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the rotor will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the clutch. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a â€Å"drift† in its accuracy as the machine gets older.The second factor in figuring out response time of a clutch is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves cal culating the amount of inertia that the clutch needs to accelerate. This is referred to as â€Å"time to speed†. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the clutch to start then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of clutch can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a clutch is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the clutch or brake.To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (wk2 ? ?N) / (308 ? t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ? N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to accelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Circuit design and analysis OBJECTIVE A control circuit is to be designed to control the motor and drive unit. The Design specifications are to be fully implemented.An incomplete circuit and equipments are given and once it is understood appropriate values for the different components should be decided. These values should allow the circuit to perform as specified. Design Specification A circuit is to be designed which is 1. Allows the angular speed of the motor to build up to a value of 20 revolutions per minute (rpm), in a time of 2 seconds (s). 2. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 3s. 3. When clutch pedal is pressed it brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 4.Builds up the angular speed again to 20 rpm, in a time of 2s, except this time in the opposite direction. 5. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 6s. 6. Brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 7. Repeats the cycle above (1-6) indefinitely when powered on. The motor must not be in dynamic braking mode at the same time as it is being driven. CIRCUIT OPERATION The initial design for the complete circuit is shown below. All references to components refer to this circuit diagram. * ANALOGUE SECTION When power is supplied to the circuit the 555 Timer switches on and its output pulses high.The initial high pulse is longer because the 555 Timer is initially at 0V. The capacitor C3 usually charges from 1/3Vcc to 2/3Vcc. However initially it has to charge from 0V to 2/3Vcc. The duration of this initial high pulse is ta = 1. 1(R6 + R7)*C3 After the initial high pulse a constant charge time is the capacitor charge time is given as tc= 0. 693(R6 + R7)*C3 (1) The output of the timer is brought up to +5V by R5. Pin 3 of the 555 Timer is at +5V when the output is at logic high.TR2 is then forward biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is grounded. TR2 has a base current limiter R4. TR1 has a base current limiter R2. Transistor TR1 is now reversed bias (i. e. it is open circuited) and C1 now charges up via resistor R1. As a result the motor turns on. If suitable values of resistor R1 and capacitor C1 are used then the required waveform will be obtained for the analogue output. The duration of this low pulse is td= 0. 693(R7)*C3 (2) Pin 3 of the 555 Timer goes to 0V.TR2 is then reverse biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is at +5V. Transistor TR1 is now forward biased (i. e. it is short-circuited) and C1 now discharges. The motor is now switched off. * Digital Section The voltage at the collector of TR2 provides the input clock pulse for IC2, which is configured so that it is triggered on the rising edge. Both the inputs A1 and A2 are always grounded. When the output from pin 3 of the 555 Timer is high the transistor TR2 forward biased. Therefore the input to IC2 is high. It is seen that when this occurs the output Q is high.This in turn becomes a clock signal for the J-K flip- flop (IC3) and provides Logic 1 on one of the OR-gate inputs of IC4. After IC2 is triggered, it remains high fo r a time determined by the formula tw= C2*R8*ln2 (3) C2 and R8 control the length of time of braking as well as switching the direction of the motor. When IC2 is reset a pulse is sent to the negative edge triggered J-K flip-flop (IC3). From the Data sheet for (IC3) it is seen that with the clear high and both the inputs J and K high the JK toggles.Assuming that the initial state of (IC3) is Q = 1 and Q = 0, A is initially at logic 0 and B is at logic 1. Therefore the motor will rotate to the left in an anti-clockwise direction. When IC 2 is being triggered logic 1 will be applied to both of the OR-Gates of IC4. As a result A and B will be high. The motor will now be in dynamic braking mode. When the IC 2 is reset, Q now is logic zero and Q is logic high. Therefore A will be high and B will now be zero. The motor will now run in a clockwise direction. When the IC 2 is re-triggered it will again be in dynamic braking mode.Circuit Simulation PSpice Before building the circuit that the group had modified and it was necessary to simulate its operation to see if the design we had would work correctly i. e. within the parameters. The simulation was carried out in an electrical simulation package Pspice. Pspice is a useful design tool that allows the testing of electrical circuits without the necessity to build them. It allows designs to be modified quickly and easily so that new ideas and improvements can be incorporated, before the circuit is constructed.This saves time and a considerable part of the effort when de-bugging the wiring and operation of the circuit. There were a number of reasons that the group simulated the circuit before going to the actual building stage. The main advantage was that Pspice allowed us to use theoretical values for components so we could get the timing of the circuit-very important in this case- exactly right. Although this does not mean that ‘ideal’ components may be used in practice it allowed us to narrow the range of available components that were required. This saved time when building and testing the circuit.Another advantage was that the wiring of ICs (Integrated circuit) was made simpler because we could use the Pspice schematics as a visual aid COMPONENTS USED Resistors The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is used to indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram. There are two classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common.Fixed ResistorsA fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change. Carbon film resistorsThis is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is  ±5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used. Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage ; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistors are recommended for use in analog circuits. The physical size of the different resistors is as follows. METAL FILM RESISTOR| | Metal film resistors are used when a higher tolerance (more accurate value) is needed.They are much more accurate in value than carbon film resistors. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. Resistors that are about  ±1% are more than sufficient. Ni-Cr (Nichrome) seems to be used for the material of resistor. The metal film resistor is used for bridge circuits, filter circuits, and low-noise analog signal circuits. From the top of the photograph 1/8W (tolerance  ±1%) 1/4W (tolerance  ±1%) 1W (tolerance  ±5%) 2W (tolerance  ±5%)| Rough size| Rating power (W)| Thickness (mm)| Length (mm)| | | 3| 1/4| 2| 6| 1| 3. 5| 12| 2| 5| 15| |VARIABLE RESISTORThere are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor which value is eas ily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other is semi-fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is used to adjust the operating condition of the circuit. Capacitors The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram.The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged. Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors) The most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is that they have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode. [Polarised] This means that it is very important which way round they are connected.If the capacitor is subjected to voltage exceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It is extremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Make absolutely no mistakes. Generally, in the circuit diagram, the positive side is indicated by a â€Å"+† (plus) symbol. Electrolytic capacitors range in value from about 1 µF to thousands of  µF. Ceramic capacitors Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium used as the dielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they can be used in high frequency applications.Typically, they are used in circuits which bypass high frequency signals to ground. These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their capacitance is comparatively small. TRANSISTORSThe transistor's function is to amplify an electric current. Many different kinds of transistors are used in ana log circuits, for different reasons. This is not the case for digital circuits. In a digital circuit, only two values matter; on or off. The amplification abilitiy of a transistor is not relevant in a digital circuit. In many cases, a circuit is built with integrated circuits(ICs). Transistors are often used in digital circuits as buffers to protect ICs.For example, when powering an electromagnetic switch (called a ‘relay'), or when controlling a light emitting diode. (In my case. ) Two different symbols are used for the transistor. PNP type and NPN type INTEGRATED CIRCUITSAn integrated circuit contains transistors, capacitors, resistors and other parts packed in high density on one chip. Although the function is similar to a circuit made with separate components, the internal structure of the components are different in an integrated circuit. The transistors, resistors, and capacitors are formed very small, and in high density on a foundation of silicon.They are formed by a v ariation of printing technology. There are many kind of ICs, including special use ICs. DIODEA diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device.Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode)(Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. RELAYThe relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e. g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e. g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed. | WIRING MATERIALWire is used to electrically connect circuit parts, devices, equipment etc. There are various kinds of wiring materials The different types of wire can be divided largely into two categories: single wire and twisted strand wire, single wire is used to connect devices (resistors, capacitors etc. together on the PWB. It is also used for jumper wiring. Twisted strand wire can bend freely, so it can be used for wiring on the PWB, and also to connect discrete pieces of equipment. If single wire is used to connect separate equip ment, it will break soon, as it is not very flexible. It is convenient to use the single tin coated wire of the diameter 0. 32 mm for the wiring of PWB. If the diameter is larger, soldering becomes a little bit difficult. And if the diameter is too thin, it becomes difficult to bend the wire the way you want it to stay.DiscussionsElectro-Magnetic CompatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility is a field which is becoming ever more important in the modern world as the use of electronic devices becomes even more widespread. It refers to the effect of electromagnetic waves on an electrical device and the degree to which this device affects other devices in the neighbourhood. This interference can act in a number of ways. Conduction – the interference occurs because of a current flow into the circuit from an external source or from one part of the circuit to another via an unintended path. e. g. a loose wire.Inductive coupling – the interference is caused by a magnetic field i n the neighbourhood of the device. This can affect the electrons flowing in the wires of the device. Capacitive coupling – the interference is caused by an electric field in the vicinity of the device. This also affects the current flowing in the device. Radiation – this type of interference is caused by waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. One example of this is radio waves being affected by radiation from a nearby mobile phoneIn the control circuit for the de-burring machine there were very few sources of EM interference.The voltage levels used meant that any waves generated would probably not be of sufficient power to affect external devices. The time was not available to measure the interference being generated by the control circuit but if a real company was planning to develop this product they would have to test it thoroughly to ensure that no compatibility problems would exist under normal operating conditions. For example in a factory environment it is possi ble that the circuit could be placed near sensitive devices such as computers.The reverse is also true the manufacturer must check to ensure that the circuit is not adversely affected by the other forms of EM interference generated in the workplace by devices such as robots, air conditioning systems and motors. One advantage of the control circuit for the de-burring machine is that it is very compact so it would therefore not be too expensive to construct a case which would shield the device from external sources of EM waves and also contain any emissions generated by the device. It would also be possible to put a filter on the analogue output from the circuit to remove any noise being picked up by the circuit.This would ensure that the analogue output was not seriously affected; however it is not really necessary. The analogue output level for the device was chosen to be 1. 2V because this gives a relatively low RPM however it could be raised so that any noise picked up would only alter the analogue output by a very small percentage. The gearing could then be adjusted to give the correct speed. The largest source of EM emissions from the de-burring machine would probably be the motor itself. This is because of the magnetic fields generated by the rotor and stator coils.As stated on the motor data sheet no testing has been carried out on the EMC of the motor but no effect has been noticed on the circuit. The simplest solution to any problems caused by the motor would be to place some form of shielding around the motor or to place the motor a distance away from the control circuit. GearingThe motor and control unit used in the construction of the circuit was not suitable for operation at the low RPM required for the drum of the de-burring machine. The lowest voltage possible speed input to the control unit was 500 rpm when the input voltage was 1V.In order to scale down the speed of the drum it was decided to use a gearing unit. In order to meet the specificati ons of the design brief it is required to drop the speed of the motor to 20rpm. Given the current design of the circuit the output voltage of 1. 2V gives a speed of 800rpm. This means that a gear ratio of 800:20 or 40:1 is required. This can be achieved by using two gear wheels with diameters in the ratio 40:1 but this would not be practical as it would require one wheel to be a great deal larger than the other. Using 2 gear wheels would also result in the drum turning in the opposite direction and this is undesirable.Gear TrainsAnother possible gear combination to achieve the required reduction in speed would be to use three cogs. The first two would be in the ratio 8:1 and then the second two in the ratio 5:1. To achieve this a ‘gear train’ would have to be formed as shown in figure 5. 1. This would save space and also correct the problem of the drum rotating in the wrong direction as the second cog would reverse the direction then the third would return it to normal. Planetary GearingAn even more compact method of gearing would be to use what is known as a planetary gear.In this type of gearing mechanism the smaller cogs are fitted inside the larger cogs as shown in figure 5. 2 below. The red cogs are held stationary and the yellow gear is connected to the input. This saves space by having the input and output on the same axis and also makes the mechanism more robust by using three central gears instead of one. This would reduce the servicing required by the machine which is an important consideration in industry. The red and yellow gears would be in the ratio of 5:1 and the blue and red gears would have to be in the ratio 8:1 to give the required 40:1 reduction.Worm GearsThe final type of gear to be considered is the worm gear (figure 5. 3). In this system the reduction factor can be very large which would allow one cog to make the 40:1 reduction? Worm gears also have the useful property of being one way. The angle between the worm and the gea r teeth is such that the worm can turn the gear but the gear cannot be used to turn the worm. This would be particularly useful as an additional form of braking for the drum of the de-burring machine however the circuit would have tobe re-designed to slow the analogue output from its full voltage to zero gradually.If this were not done the gears would lock when the motor stopped and the sudden jerk would place a great stress on the components. If the circuit was to be re-designed as suggested the dynamic braking of the motor would be redundant. Improvements to DesignAfter completion of the circuit it was evident that a number of improvements could be made to the design that would make the circuit more versatile or better suited to its task. These will be covered in this section with the aim of showing possible routes for further development of the circuit. Had time permitted some of these could have been tried in the laboratory.Perhaps the simplest of the possible routes for improvi ng the circuit is the replacement of resistors R6 and R6 with variable resistors. This would allow the forward and reverse times for the drum spinning to be altered. In this way the most suitable length of time for the parts to be de-burred can be found without the need to re-build the circuit. It would also mean that different components, requiring different lengths of time, could be de-burred in the same machine, although not at the same time. This would allow the machine to be more flexible and save the company money.By using variable resistors the times could also be fine tuned to compensate for any errors in the timing caused by the tolerances of the components used and also any extra resistance caused by the non-ideal nature of the components. Another improvement to the design would be to eliminate the extended first pulse from the 555 timer which causes the drum to rotate longer on its first cycle. Because the pulse is part of the operation of the 555 timer it is hard to alte r before it affects the analogue out so one solution would be to have some form of clutch system between the drum and motor.This would disengage the drum from the motor at start-up and not allow the drum to be turned until after the first cycle. Some form of circuit could be designed to control the clutch and only engage the motor after the first cycle has passed. Another alternative would be to have the clutch only engage after a set time equal to the duration of the first cycle. This could either be a mechanical or electrical timer and would be required to engage the clutch after 7. 746†¦ +1+8=16. 75sec. Some form of switch could also be incorporated into the circuit to reset the JK flip-flop each time the circuit is switched on.This ensures that the flip-flop always starts in the correct state and that the motor is always turning in the right direction for its first rotations. This switch would also allow the cycle to be restarted without turning the power off. Such a functi on could be simply implemented by connecting the reset pin to +5V via a switch. A final consideration when improving the circuit would be to alter the switching circuit for R6 in such a way that one resistor is always connected and connecting a second resistor in parallel with it alters the total resistance as shown in figure A.A-Alternative Switching CircuitPractical ConsiderationsWhile the motor circuit worked as required in the laboratory test, a number of other factors must be brought into consideration when the circuit is being designed for use in industry. One of the major factors has already been discussed in the section on EMC but there are many more will be briefly covered in this section. One of the most obvious differences between the test equipment and an industrial system is the motor being driven.For safety reasons the motor connected to the circuit was a low power motor but to drive a large drum a larger motor with a higher torque would be required. While the controll er card used can only support motors with an operating voltage up to 30V, a similar controller could be designed to operate at much higher output voltages while still being run off of the same circuit. Another possibility would be to run a number of motors off of on control circuit. This would allow a much greater number of parts to be de-burred without the need for an exceptionally large drum. This would introduce the problem of fan-out however.The relatively low analogue output voltage of 1. 2V would have to be increased if a large number of controller cards were to be driven. The same is true of the voltages from the OR gates controlling direction. This is problem is easily rectified by using op-amps to boost the voltage. When the system is being used in a factory environment there are also a number of environmental issues to be deal with. There could be a great deal of dust or fine particles of metal in the air from the de-burring process, it is also possible that in an automate d process the factory may not be heated.Placing the control circuit in a sealed container can resolve some of these issues, as this will prevent dust from affecting its operation. It would also be possible to incorporate shielding into this casing to improve EMC. The temperature issue is not very important, as it is unlikely that the operating ranges of the IC would be exceeded. For 74 series chips this is in the region of 0-70? C and 54 series chips have an operating range of about –50-120? C. The final consideration when constructing a system for industry would be ease of manufacture.If a large number of these machines were required the circuit would have to be laid out in such a way that it could be easily constructed on printed circuit boards. There are computer programs available to aid the designer in this process and it would be unlikely to cause a major problem. ConclusionsHaving designed and constructed the circuit it was felt that it met all of the given specificati ons although there were still a number of improvements that could have been made. These improvements have been covered briefly in the discussion section and given more time they could have been implemented in the circuit.As already mentioned the only specifications not met were that on start-up the machine should rotate for 3 seconds in one direction before braking and reversing. Using the clutch method mentioned in the discussions could solve this but the design brief given did not extend to cover the drum so has not been included in the final design. During the course of the project a number of other points became evident which greatly ease the process of designing an electronic circuit. Simulation using a computer package such as Pspice saves a considerable amount of time by allowing the circuit to be easily laid out and tested.Any changes required can be made easily without disturbing the rest of the circuit. Another advantage of Pspice is the ability to produce graphs of the ou tputs from the circuit, which can then be scaled, formatted and printed as required. To do this for the actual circuit requires very specialised and expensive equipment. In conclusion, the group felt that all objectives had been met and that the final circuit was successful in fulfilling its role. A number of important lessons were learned about the problems involved in designing a circuit to meet a real-world need and ways of overcoming these problems were found.BILL OF MATERIALS S. NO. | ITEMS| Quantity| PRICE | 1. | motor| 1| | 2. | Diode | | | 3. | capacitor| | | 4. | 555 timer| | | 5. | Relay switch| | | 6. | Coils| | | 7. | resistances| | | 8. | transformer| | | 9. | Wiring materials| | | 10. | Integrated circuit| | | 11. | Wiring board| | | References[1] Schematic Capture with Microsim Pspice Herniter Prentice Hall 3 Ed. Rd P250-252[2] http://www. emclab. umr. edu/An Introduction to EMCUniversity of Missouri-Rolla EMC laboratory[3] http://reality. sgi. com/csp/scvemc/emcdef. tmlEnsuring Compatibility Between the Electromagnetic Environment and Electric and Electrical Devices Kimball William, Chairman, IEEE EMC Education Committee[4] http://www. howstuffworks. com/gears. htmHow gears Work[5]www. scribd . com[6]www. mechanicalprojects. comBackground Reading * Digital Fundamentals Floyd Prentice Hall 7 Edition t h. * Introductory Circuit Analysis Boylestad Prentice Hall 9 Edition t h. * Machine Design – R. K. Rajput. * Kinematics Of Machine – R. S. khurmi. * Automobile Engineering – R. K. Rajput | | |

Free Essays on A Proses Worth

are much more expressive through literature than through movies or television. One is able to understand the merit better and get deeper into each character’s head. When compared to â€Å"Beowulf,† the literary merit of â€Å"The Dream of the Rood,† â€Å"The Wanderer† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† are that of difficult syntax, expression of life through sad tribulations, and moods of pride. When reading literature, one must take it in a little at a time so the reader understands what is being read. Although, when literature has difficult syntax, like run-on sentences, it is not unproblematic to comprehend what is being read. In â€Å"The Wanderer,† a quote taken out to examine is a challenge to understand. â€Å"He who is alone often lives to find favor, mildness of the Lord, even though he has long had to stir with his arms the frost-cold sea, troubled in heart over the water-way had to tread the tracks of exile.† (Page 100). There are many ideas in this quote and when put all together with commas, it is arduous to comprehend. One can understand from this quote that if a person is alone, he lives to find flavor and mildness of the Lord, but when the rest is put into text, one may become confused and not able to contemplate the quote clearly. â€Å"Beowulf† also has many challenging lines. For example, â€Å"In days to come, he contrived to avenge the fall of his prince; he befriended Eadgils when Eadgils was friendless, aiding his cause with weapons and warriors over the wide sea, sending him men.† (Page 83, lines 2391-2395). Again, if these were not run-on sentences, they would be more manageable to read. â€Å"The Wanderer† is like â€Å"Beowulf† in that perspective, but â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† are completely the opposite. Both are effortless to understand and were translated well. They were translated almost literally. The run-on sentences we experience are the same as when it was... Free Essays on A Prose's Worth Free Essays on A Prose's Worth Words are much more expressive through literature than through movies or television. One is able to understand the merit better and get deeper into each character’s head. When compared to â€Å"Beowulf,† the literary merit of â€Å"The Dream of the Rood,† â€Å"The Wanderer† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† are that of difficult syntax, expression of life through sad tribulations, and moods of pride. When reading literature, one must take it in a little at a time so the reader understands what is being read. Although, when literature has difficult syntax, like run-on sentences, it is not unproblematic to comprehend what is being read. In â€Å"The Wanderer,† a quote taken out to examine is a challenge to understand. â€Å"He who is alone often lives to find favor, mildness of the Lord, even though he has long had to stir with his arms the frost-cold sea, troubled in heart over the water-way had to tread the tracks of exile.† (Page 100). There are many ideas in this quote and when put all together with commas, it is arduous to comprehend. One can understand from this quote that if a person is alone, he lives to find flavor and mildness of the Lord, but when the rest is put into text, one may become confused and not able to contemplate the quote clearly. â€Å"Beowulf† also has many challenging lines. For example, â€Å"In days to come, he contrived to avenge the fall of his prince; he befriended Eadgils when Eadgils was friendless, aiding his cause with weapons and warriors over the wide sea, sending him men.† (Page 83, lines 2391-2395). Again, if these were not run-on sentences, they would be more manageable to read. â€Å"The Wanderer† is like â€Å"Beowulf† in that perspective, but â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† are completely the opposite. Both are effortless to understand and were translated well. They were translated almost literally. The run-on sentences we experience are the same as when it was...

Ibm Case Studies Essays

Ibm Case Studies Essays Ibm Case Studies Essay Ibm Case Studies Essay IBM Global Business Services White Paper Strategy and Change Business Strategy for Cloud Providers The Case for Potential Cloud Services Providers 2 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers This is one paper of a two paper series on cloud strategy from IBM Global Business Services Abstract Cloud computing has the potential to be the next major driver of business innovation, as it promises to enable new business models and services across almost all industries, especially telecommunications, healthcare and government. For some providers, cloud delivery models will open access to new customer segments such as small business and emerging markets. And it will fundamentally change the balance of power in many existing markets. However, as with any technology-driven change, it is difficult to sort out the reality from the hype. And even when the technology is real, being able to capitalize on it with a winning strategy is difficult. Very few companies emerged as clear winners from the dot-com wave compared with the many more that failed. The same will be true of the cloud market. But for the companies that are successful, the rewards will be equally as large. This paper is focused on helping those who want to emerge as winners in the new cloud provider marketplace. We have assessed service provider business models for cloud computing by evaluating services/offerings, strategies, operations and target customers. We believe the recipe for success will require exploring all of these factors coupled with the right partnership strategy. This paper explores the following areas for cloud providers: What are the key attributes of a winning cloud provider business strategy and model? Creating a viable business model through balancing up-front investment risk and cost with profit and revenue opportunities is the key to success for cloud providers. How can partnering across the ecosystem accelerate my success? Both cloud computing and new associated ecosystems are evolving. Providers are partnering in ways that are helping them to accelerate market entry and to expand their breadth of services, which is driving new alliances in some markets. What are the implications if I do not act now? Some service providers must move to cloud delivery models in the near term to survive; others can leverage clouds to differentiate and thrive. Cloud has the potential to become the next major driver of business innovation by enabling entirely new business models across a wide range of industries. The cloud computing market will include offerings sold as a service such as business processes, software, platform, and infrastructure. And many of these cloud services will be consumed through a pay-per-usage pricing model. The cloud market is appealing to new entrants not only because of its size and growth, but also due to the business potential it brings to a company. Cloud providers benefit by accessing new customers and markets, improving their deployment times, potentially lower their costs and achieving new revenue streams. IBM Global Business Services 3 Already, companies are entering the field and the race is underway to determine who will become industry leaders through the use of new delivery models to provide enhanced or even brand new types of customer value. As with any rapidly emerging business segment, the key is to move beyond the business hype and to develop and scale a winning business model. For potential provider of cloud services, seeing through the hype can be difficult. The current opportunity and growth projections are enticing, but one first needs to develop a robust strategy to succeed as a cloud service provider. While much of the skepticism around cloud computing has subsided, some reports theorize that cloud computing will eventually fade, similar to previous evolutions in computing such as grid computing and utility computing. However, unlike previous generations of computing, cloud computing offers a distinctly new level of scalability and a new degree of business value made possible by the maturation of technologies and standards. Scalability results in a host of benefits that will make cloud computing a permanent shift in the how products and services are delivered. Many analysts and IT industry experts are bullish about cloud computing, and are forecasting robust, double-digit annual growth. The market potential for cloud computing is forecasted to be $66B1 by 2012 for software, platform and infrastructure as a service; adding business process as a service and cloud support services could push the total cloud market to well over $100B. 2 While the market size can be debated, we believe that analysts are directionally right about the significant market potential for cloud computing due to four primary reasons: Cloud’s strong value proposition for existing business users of IT. Cloud enables providers to access entirely new markets. Cloud is aligned with broader technology trends and demand. Cloud technology is real. Reality or Hype? The Real Potential of Cloud Companies in many industries are considering entering the cloud market as providers, especially in the communications services provider, government and healthcare industries. Government organizations also see the impact on cost and quality that cloud can have. But what is the true market potential, and within industry, what type of business models will generate growth and profit? Aggregate cloud opportunity for consumption and enablement is estimated to be greater than $100B in five years. 2 4 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers Strong Value Proposition for Existing Business Users of IT Information technology, including infrastructure, applications, operations, maintenance or management, has become a major for large enterprises. And the demand for all types of IT is forecasted to grow as the digital and physical words become increasingly interconnected and provide the opportunity for new capabilities and services. One of cloud computing’s core benefits is reduction of IT costs. In IBM Research, the Cloud Labs research team has shown that cloud architecture can increase the IT server or other component utilization up to 75% and reduce IT labor costs by 50% or more. In addition, cloud offers new ways to shield users from the ever-growing complexity of managing an IT infrastructure. These are key benefits that potential cloud providers can deliver to their customers. Access to Entirely New Markets Cloud delivery models open up entirely new markets for companies where existing delivery models don’t facilitate access to these markets. Today’s enterprise IT model is designed for larger companies in mature markets with robust data centers and IT departments. Cloud computing provides access to enterpriselevel IT for companies, including small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and larger companies in emerging markets who otherwise could not afford to invest in enterprise-level IT. Now, these businesses can reap the benefits of a sophisticated IT model without having to invest in it themselves. Cloud computing’s flexible delivery model also makes the minimum unit of purchase more granular. Now, organizations can purchase software by the hour, rather than on a per license, or acquire server space by the size and time period, rather than per server. Cloud computing providers can capitalize on these factors contributing to growing demand for IT and start generating new revenue streams using these new delivery models. Alignment with Broad Technology Adoption Patterns Today, regulatory requirements around data security and archival are creating the need for significant data storage. Procuring, managing and securing archival systems is particularly critical in industries such as healthcare, financial services and pharmaceuticals. Looking ahead, the amount of data generated worldwide in 2012 will be nearly five times the amount generated in 2008. And the need to access, retrieve and use that data shows no sign of slowing. Cloud will become the favored medium for file and archival storage, particularly for large files that must be stored but are not regularly accessed. In healthcare, medical records are receiving billions of US dollars in public investment5 and will rapidly grow in adoption. Cloud storage will make it easier and more affordable for healthcare providers to maintain electronic records, an objective that could be otherwise unreachable for many industry providers. Cloud delivery models open up entirely new markets for companies where existing delivery models don’t facilitate access to these markets. IBM Global Business Services 5 In the entertainment industry, movie distribution has begun to benefit from the cloud. Instead of sending tapes through the mail, movie distribution houses have started to stream movies to multiplexes for projection. This protects against piracy for film producers and reduces risk for multiplex owners who can now buy streaming service on a per-show basis from distributors. Cloud Technology is Real While large and small customers across a diverse set of industries and geographies are benefiting from the technology driving cloud, only recently are standards emerging to support this technology. Cloud users value easy migration of data and applications from one cloud provider to another. Recently a new services management standards body, Open Cloud Standards Incubator (OCSI), was formed. OCSI is a group of cloud providers, and some users, who are collaborating to define interoperable standards for cloud delivery models. Cloud users, IT governance bodies and existing standards organizations must participate in the creation of these standards to ensure that vendors do not dominate the standards creation process. By embracing these standards, providers are more likely to gain credibility in the cloud ecosystem. Winning Business Models for Cloud Providers To win in the cloud market requires an innovative business strategy and business model. The strategies must reflect a rethinking of market fundamentals and truly envision new models to better serve customers. We will see a wide range of cloud business models emerge over the next few years, and most of these will likely fail. Of the ones that survive, the profitability of the business models will vary greatly. A few winning business models will maintain healthy profit margins while others will find themselves relegated to much smaller, commodity-based profit margins. Today, no one knows for certain what will be the winning model. But we do know how various models are taking shape. There are four key components that define cloud business models: Cloud Delivered Services – what you sell. Target Markets – to whom you sell it. Strategy – the overall game plan to create long-term value. Operations – how to create and deliver what you sell. Providers who encourage open standards, non-legacy technologies, easy migration and collaboration are likely to gain the most credibility. Cloud Delivered Services The first component of a cloud provider strategy is to clearly outline the service that will be offered. Most cloud enabled solutions will have four layers in their â€Å"solution stack†: Content Process and applications Integration and middleware Infrastructure and devices 6 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers A winning cloud strategy must clearly outline the competitive advantage for each layer. A single company does not have to be the owner or operator of all four solution layers. Hence, a key part of developing a cloud strategy is to define which component(s) you will provide and which components will be provided by a business partner. We expect partnershipbased business models to be the norm within the cloud market, and as a result there will be a sub-market at each layer of the solution stack. These sub-markets are commonly classified as the following: In addition to direct cloud services, there is a wide range of support cloud services and components typically offered by outside providers, such as consulting firms, but also delivered by cloud service providers themselves. These services include training and consulting. For example, SalesForce. com offers training and consulting to complement its SaaS and PaaS offerings. This category can also include suppliers of hardware components. In a few years, many large enterprises will be building or planning to build private and hybrid clouds. This will further spur demand for cloud consulting, implementation and management services. Target Markets There are many potential target markets for cloud adoption. Most current cloud providers narrow down their respective markets to some combination of the following segments: Industry or Functional Verticals among Large Enterprises. Businesss include payroll, printing and e-commerce from providers such as ADP. Software as a Service (SaaS). Deliver a standardized application running on a cloud infrastructure, with multitenancy, accessible from various client devices through a thin client nterface such as a Web browser (e. g. , web-based email). Platform as a Service (PaaS). Build and deploy new internally developed applications onto cloud infrastructure, exposing services needed to build an effective application including billing and sign-on services. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Obtain processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources as a service where the consumer is able to deploy and run elements of the stack, such as operating system s, on the infrastructure service. While currently focused more on internal cloud enablement, some large enterprises will migrate toward adopting shared cloud verticals that reduce cost or risk in areas that are important to the business, but are not key sources of differentiation, such as back office functions or regulatory compliance. For example, pharmaceutical companies could join forces via an industry vertical cloud focused on regulatory compliance to drive cost savings and efficiency. SMBs (These are abridged definitions; see the appendix for formal definitions). Many workloads offer the least pain and most significant gain for the SMB segment. Cloud providers are targeting smaller customers who can benefit from cloud’s compelling economies of scale, and who are less hindered by large, existing IT capabilities. Financial services companies have strong relationships with their customers, and could use this delivery model for business services. IBM Global Business Services 7 Emerging Markets (see sidebar) With limited resources, customers in developing markets will respond to the lower up-front investment costs and ability to scale service consumption in times of growth. For example, automotive manufacturers could use cloud to reach dealerships in distant markets. Other Cloud Providers Buying Decisions in Emerging Markets Countries who lack traditional enterprise IT model now have the opportunity to get access to enterprise-quality infrastructure and applications through a more easily accessible and affordable cloud-based consumption model. Of course, not all emerging markets are alike. Cultural differences will affect the likelihood and pace of business and IT cloud service adoption. Some cultures will quickly embrace the opportunities presented by cloud, while others, who can equally benefit from the leapfrog potential that cloud offers, will apply their risk-averse buying approach and wait for the business to drive the purchase decision. As one former Indian CIO explained to IBM, â€Å"in my culture, we don’t just want to ‘kick the tires,’ we want to drive them for 10,000 kilometers before we buy. † Despite documented benefits, a senior IT manager for another company in India said he was not in a position to push his company toward cloud until the business asked for it. This ‘prove it to me first’ mentality leads to an adoption waiting game characterized by IT understanding the economic and technical benefits of cloud, but not being in a position to drive the purchase decision. In fact, that challenge is not unique to emerging markets. Providers need to understand who the buyer (business or IT decision maker) is for their cloud services and tailor their pricing models to accommodate buyer preference to test proven models before taking perceived risks. Cloud services can serve as building blocks, where a provider sells one cloud service to another cloud provider to construct a larger service offering. IaaS providers often align with SaaS providers to jointly deliver a more comprehensive cloud service. Consumers Mobile devices, online email and other consumer services benefit from numerous new applications made available through cloud delivery models. In segmenting their customer base, cloud service providers for payroll, collaboration, sales force automation, application development and test environments are seeing opportunities in organizations of all sizes. During this early adoption period, large enterprises are embracing only a few types of public cloud-based services, instead favoring private or â€Å"in-enterprise† clouds. But demand is rising for public cloud services around HR benefits, procurement, e-commerce, data warehousing and archiving. Large enterprises are also interested in building or renting public services of ‘overflow clouds’ to be able to transition ad-hoc workloads and short term projects to a cloud environment. We are seeing that SMBs are more interested in website hosting, email, accounting, expense management and operations. Cloud computing also is more suitable for organizations with mobile workforce across multiple locations, such as global companies with offices in emerging markets. With cloud, these organizations take less time to set up and manage operations than they otherwise would have taken. 8 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers Strategy Service provider strategies need to address pricing models, go-to-market approaches, business intent and value propositions, in addition to defining services and customers. Current cloud providers are capitalizing on first-mover advantage. They are delivering services, learning from their mistakes, and capturing market share along the way. Some of their success has been at the expense of traditional players who have not ventured into the cloud marketplace. For newer entrants, their value in the cloud provider ecosystem can be defined through some combination of access to customers, reliability, technology innovation, or integration efficiency. Successful providers will define their niche and stick with it. One of the defining aspects of cloud computing is pay-per-use pricing models. However, variations are possible within this basic tenet of cloud. For example, some providers will find that their brand and reputation will allow them to price based on value delivered from their services, rather than purely based on hourly usage rates. The challenge is determining how to measure this value and how to capture that value through pricing. Another alternative is to offer tiered pricing based on volume of services consumed, with â€Å"unlimited† possible as the largest available unit. Strategic customers will command better pricing and higher levels of service. Some cloud providers are offering cloud-based services directly to customers. Others are acting as enablers and integrators by providing their products and services as building blocks for other cloud service providers to then sell to their own customers. Another consideration in the go-to-market strategy is targeting the right decision maker for the particular type of service delivered. Providers should tailor their offerings and value proposition based on the target buyer. Cloud providers can deploy new services to their customers in days rather than months which will help differentiate cloud providers and get them conversations with business executives in addition to IT buyers. While most of the messaging around cloud computing today focuses on IT benefits and cost savings, the real business impact of cloud computing is what makes this delivery model transformational. Because the technology behind cloud lowers investment costs, provides ubiquitous access and minimizes the granularity of purchase units, cloud is enabling businesses to innovate and renovate in new ways. Companies can innovate by adopting new business models or renovate with lower cost service consumption models. Operations The operations component of a cloud business model includes the development of key elements needed to deliver business services via the cloud. This includes business operations and financial reporting designed to be more agile by more quickly engaging customers, tailoring services to fit customer needs, pricing for smaller units of a service, and establishing a viable financial model. The operating model of the business strategy defines the sourcing model, partnership strategy, and deployment plan for the development of these capabilities. Many providers are pursuing strategic partnerships to round out their capabilities and achieve the operational requirements associated with rapid service delivery. Alliances and partnerships are often keys to success in the cloud ecosystem. IBM Global Business Services 9 Many cloud providers will likely come and go, so clear partnership agreements are necessary to protect the relationship, mitigate risks, share the investment requirements and ensure continuity of service to customers. As the cloud ecosystem evolves, we are seeing this fragmented market converge via partnerships and eventually through mergers and acquisitions. An example of these alliances is with British Telecom and their software partners. 6 In time, we expect to see the competitive landscape evolving with more new players emerging, as others converge into larger, more integrated players. Winning Business Models Given the numerous ways providers can combine these four business model elements into their unique cloud provider strategy, selecting the optimal business model can be challenging. Certainly, there is no â€Å"one size fits all† business model. Potential cloud providers are emerging from a broad set of technology sectors, communications, media and other market segments, including device manufacturers, network providers, content distributors, IT and application outsourcing providers and more. Providers can deliver services directly to cloud users, or sell technologies or services that enable clouds to other providers. Here are some examples of provider types: Component Suppliers (providers of hardware, software or professional cloud-based services to other cloud providers) As a supplier to other cloud providers, these companies will acquire or invent new technologies. They are likely to invest in research and pursue mergers to develop new capabilities that can help to deliver differentiated cloud-enabling offerings, improve integration skills, enhance security, and reduce commoditization risk through improvements in customer service. Suppliers working on technologies supporting hybrid clouds, cloud integration and specific industry solutions are likely to be better positioned in the cloud ecosystem. Cloud-based IT Outsourcing Providers (providers of cloud-based IT infrastructure, application services and migration assistance for customers) These providers are balancing the trade off between investing in up-front expense for traditional migration rather than paying over time for cloud-based service. They can improve profitability as result of high asset utilization and lower system and application management costs. These services will be delivered by partnerships between business process outsourcing and SaaS providers. As cloud service offerings in this space mature, these providers will likely be able to deliver a better ROI to their customers than pure SaaS providers will be able to do. Business processes supported by cloud that are fairly standard from one organization to another, such as customer relationship management, payroll processing, recruitment, accounting, and personnel are likely to be adopted first by enterprise customers. SaaS Aggregators (aggregators of industry-specific or complementary SaaS offerings) These providers will earn their revenue as percentage of SaaS sales. They will target companies who look for one-stop shopping for SaaS adoption. This model supports the early movers and extensive partner support. Smaller and newer players can prosper in specific industry verticals that have unique business process and application requirements. It is important for them to aggregate complimentary solutions that make up the full solution suite. In addition to industry verticals, SaaS aggregators can focus on cross-industry or capability-oriented aggregation, or through other affinityoriented aggregation that will end up creating disruptive business models. 10 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers Managed IaaS Providers (providers of IaaS and value-added services to address latency, data security, and unique company needs) These providers will have to make initial investments in infrastructure, thus revenues will build on a daily basis and profit will come over time. They can leverage differentiated pricing based on service level, customization requirements and security requirements. This business model will be somewhat price sensitive as offerings mature to industry standardization, and potentially approach commoditization. Also, local data security laws will support the larger players with multilocation data centers. Managed IaaS providers need to consider delivering value-added services to improve their profitability. They can charge premium pricing for services like local provisioning, premium data security measure, help desk, asset management, monitoring and other provisioning services. Strategic alliances are particularly important for creating more robust cloud services, as alliances aggregate different providers’ unique strengths. Delivering cloud services with complementary cloud service providers is better than single-handedly trying to create a complete, competitive cloud solution. Even large scale cloud providers such as IBM are often more effective at delivering cloud services when partnering and aligning with other cloud providers. Many of the new services and devices such as Net TV, Desktop as a Service or NetBook demonstrate how providers with complimentary capabilities can partner to bring out revolutionary ideas to market. Partnership Model: Communication Service Provider (CSP) and Multiple Niche Players for Central Government A large CSP delivering cloud services to the public sector has worked out an innovative partnership model of multiple niche Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) to provide best-of-breed solutions to a large European country’s central government. This allows ISVs to get access to large public sector clients, while strengthening the CSP’s offering. It benefits the ISVs, CSP and the customer. While this aggregation of service still faces integration and migration challenges, it delivers a powerful set of services otherwise unavailable to the central government. Numerous other provider types exist today, such as cloud professional services and consulting, and new ones will emerge over time, such as managed IaaS and PaaS providers. Partnering to Overcome Business Model Gaps Both cloud and traditional service providers can create more robust service offerings and differentiate themselves in the market through the formation of innovative strategic partnerships with other service providers. The critical success factors for these providers are lower total cost of ownership (TCO) to customers, simplicity of service, clear definition and delivery of service level agreements and availability of the necessary features to substitute traditional offerings. Identifying the right set of complementary services helps cloud providers be more effective at achieving these keys to success. For example, PaaS or IaaS providers could seek to partner with SaaS providers as a naturally complementary alliance. IBM Global Business Services 11 Partnership Model: CSP partners with a hosting provider to offer a development and test cloud for its customers Another CSP is partnering with a hosting provider to deliver a cloud-based development and testing environment. This offers scalability on a pay per use basis that helps the CSP’s customers. Similarly, IBM has a developer cloud for business partners to leverage. Partnership Model: Entertainment equipment and content providers partnering for hosted services Gaming console manufacturers are considering partnerships with game content developers to provide online games hosted on cloud. Similarly, mobile handset manufacturers are already partnering with developers from universities, small software firms and freelance developer groups to create cloud-based applications for their devices. This model provides a wider assortment of applications to consumers, while allowing developers to earn revenue through download charges without hefty investments in servers or software to develop applications. Handset manufacturers share the revenue from application download and internet usage, while also generating stronger customer loyalty. Partnership Implications We foresee other possible scenarios where unlikely cloud providers leverage their unique skills to complement the desired skill sets from other providers and missing capabilities from their own cloud portfolio, such as access to customers. One possibility could be software providers partnering with banks to leverage the trusted relationships banks already have with their small business customers. Differentiated user capabilities are critical to retaining customers who have very low switching costs between cloud providers. Providers are moving quickly to preempt the cannibalization that might otherwise be done by a competitor. Industry Plays for Providers Developing industry specific strategies are one option to help cloud providers differentiate themselves and become a leader in cloud service delivery. Many companies and organizations are looking for providers to deliver industry-specific business benefits through cloud computing to help them innovate. Some industries are seeing the benefits of cloud computing through the emergence of new business opportunities. The providers that tailor their offerings to industries at the forefront of cloud adoption, such as healthcare, government, and telecommunications, will have greater near term growth potential. The following represent industry examples of the types of value providers are delivering today. Healthcare Healthcare providers crave more consumable, easier ways to cost-effectively capture and store medical images and records. Some SaaS providers offer cloud-based solutions for thousands of physician groups to use on a pay-per-use basis. Doctors can focus on patient care while their cloud provider manages the technology behind the service delivery. Telecommunications Communications services providers are developing, or in some cases reselling, cloud capabilities for their customers, while also using cloud internally to deploy new business services in days rather than in months. Government In some emerging markets, central governments are using cloud computing to fuel economic growth for their country. For example, Wuxi software park in China is building cloud computing centers in their special economic zones to support emerging companies setting up their IT infrastructure at no initial cost. This arrangement offers Chinese software companies the ability to tap into a virtual computing environment to leapfrog their development activities. 12 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers Act Now, or Wait For potential cloud providers who do not face immediate threats to their existence, the choice of waiting to enter the cloud market is viable. But for potential cloud providers facing real challenges to their business models in the near term and needing to offer their services via a cloud, the time to act is now. Understanding key adoption inhibitors for their target customers will help providers position their cloud capabilities. When evaluating whether and how to enter the cloud provider market, consider these questions: Answers to these and other key questions will help potential cloud providers see through the fog. This clarity can allow cloud providers to create a fact-based business strategy for cloud that uniquely fits their business needs. As was the case in the dot-com era, many players will come and go as the cloud ecosystem evolves. The winners will be the organizations that create the right business strategy for cloud, and then execute against their business strategy most effectively. Which cloud opportunities can enable me to make new strategic choices involving new products, new services, new partnerships, etc.? What is the cost benefit analysis for each of these opportunities? For example, revenue growth from new and existing customers weighed against capital expenditures; potential profitability vs. isk assessment, etc. What are my current capabilities relative to the services I want to offer? Should I partner, buy or build the necessary competencies for offering the desired cloud services? What should my market entry strategy be in terms of segmentation, positioning and target segments? Which pricing strategy would be most profitable? What kind of operating model should I have? How should I construct my technology roadmap for cloud services, from design and planning through execution and support? IBM Global Business Services 13 Appendix Business Process Services. 7 Any business process (for example, payroll, printing, ecommerce) delivered as a service via the Internet with access via Web-centric interfaces and exploiting Web-oriented architecture. Advertising services exploiting real-time Internet-based fulfillment are included here. Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). 8 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e. . , web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). 8 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-c reated or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). 8 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e. g. , host firewalls). Authors Matt Porta VP and Global Leader for the Technology Strategy Practice in IBM Global Business Services Anthony Karimi Associate Partner in the Technology Strategy Practice in IBM Global Business Services Allison Botros Principal Managing Consultant in IBM Global Business Services Acknowledgements Special thanks to contributors including Ray Harishankar, Abhinav Kashyap, and Alex Outwater. 14 Business Strategy for Cloud Providers About IBM Global Business Services With business experts in more than 160 countries, IBM Global Business Services provides clients with deep business process and industry expertise across 17 industries, using innovation to identify, create and deliver value faster. We draw on the full breadth of IBM capabilities, standing behind our advice to help clients innovate and implement solutions designed to deliver business outcomes with far-reaching impact and sustainable results. IBM Global Business Services has cloud strategy offerings to help companies address key issues associated with entering the cloud marketplace. For more information visit: ibm. com/services/cloud References 1 WinterGreen Research, Inc. , â€Å"Worldwide Cloud Computing Market Strategies, Shares and Forecasts 2009 to 2015†, July 24, 2009. 2 Information Week Analytics, â€Å"IBM’s Cloud Computing Strategy Defined†, June 22, 2009. 3 IBM insight based on client experience, 2009. 4 IDC White Paper sponsored by EMC, â€Å"As the Economy Contracts, the Digital Universe Expands†, May 2009. 5 United States Government, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. British Telecom press release â€Å"New BT cloud accounting launch to redress SME work/life imbalance† June 26, 2009; â€Å"IBM to Deliver Software via Cloud Computing With Amazon Web Services†, IBM press release, February 11, 2009; â€Å"Salesforce. com and Google Introduce Salesforce for Google Apps First Cloud Computing Suite for Business Productivity† Google and Salesforce. com joint press release, April 14, 2008. 7 Gartner, â€Å"Forecast: Sizing the Cloud; Understanding the Opportunities in Cloud Services† by Ben Pring, Robert H. Brown, Andrew Frank, Simon Hayward and Lydia Leong, March 2009. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), US Government, Working Definition of Cloud Computing, August 2009.  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2009 IBM Global Services Route 100 Somers, NY 10589 U. S. A. Produced in the United States of America September 2009 All Rights Reserved IBM, the IBM logo and ibm. com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. If these and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with a trademark symbol ( ® or â„ ¢), these symbols indicate U. S. registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Webat â€Å"Copyright and trademark information† at ibm. com/legal/copytrade. shtml Other company, product and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. References in this publication to IBM products and services do not imply that IBM intends to make them available in all countries in which IBM operates. Please Recycle GBW03096-USEN-00

The Wind in the Willows Questions for Discussions

'The Wind in the Willows' Questions for Discussions The Wind in the Willows is a famous book about animals, by Kenneth Grahame. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. What is significant about the title?What are the conflicts in The Wind in the Willows? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see?How does Kenneth Grahame reveal character in The Wind in the Willows?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in The Wind in the Willows? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Badger (Mr. Badger) consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?Does Badger change and/or develop as a character?How does Badger relate to other characters in the book?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters creatures you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the past figure into the novel?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?Would you recommend this book to a friend?​

Can one teach people to be good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Can one teach people to be good - Essay Example Education philosophy helps the student to develop himself into a good human, in addition to acquiring the required skills to solve the present day problems. Education is a process of inculturation, into some specific culture. This process transpires, informally in the family, church, media, government and the press. Educational institutions enable formal enculturation. Thus, interaction between the people and society is of great significance. People share values and behaviour, and education transmits values to the succeeding generations(Kritsonis). In general, the good inherent in a society is transmitted to the pupils. The long established philosophies serve to influence the perceptions of the people, and education transmits these philosophies. There are several factors that determine the effectiveness of education. These include instruction, curriculum, role of the teacher, role of the student, and the commitment of the school to effect change(Kritsonis). Educational philosophy nurtures the character of individuals, helps them to gain knowledge, and makes them ready to undertake responsibility in each and every aspect of their life. Teenagers are enabled to obtain the elements of mankind, and this places them in a better position to circumvent social problems (Hassan, 2009, p. 466). Through educational philosophy, one can teach good things to others in a much simpler manner. Educational philosophy consists of some important factors. These are based on the manner in which children acquire knowledge, the objective behind education and schools, and the function of the teacher. These elements permit one to assess the subjects to be taught and the procedure to be adopted in such teaching. Moreover, classroom management and discipline techniques have a direct bearing on the elements of educational philosophy(Widick). Philosophy of education emerged predominantly from the analytical efforts of the English thinkers. However, education issues were not strangers to the classical philosophers, such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates, and the more recent stalwarts, like Kant and Dewey. Nevertheless, the pioneering work in this genre has been deemed to be that of C. D. Hardy(Seshadri, 2008). From the perspective of Emotional Literacy Education, it is incumbent upon every individual to comprehend himself and other individuals. On the other hand, the extant education system is founded on the belief that every person should acquire the ability to perform arithmetical calculations, read and write(Zimmerman, 2005). These latter accomplishments enable the student to obtain a certain degree of economic capability. Mere economic capability cannot enable a man to attain knowledge that is useful for leading a happy and productive life. Despite the seemingly pragmatic approach of the existing educational system, there are quite a few drawbacks. For instance, no method is taught by means of which the pupil can achieve happiness, which has been described as an emotional and economic state. This resulted in the emergence of Emotional Literacy Education, which employ terms that enable a student to evaluate his emotional beliefs(Zimmerman, 2005). Emotional beliefs cannot resolve problems in a meaningful manner. This is the major drawback with the present educational system. The stalwarts of education philosophy, of the ilk of Prof. R.S. Peters have declared that