Homicidal Sleepwalking (Homicidal Somnambulism) A Rare Defense

When prosecutors decide to charge a person with a crime, one of the criminal elements that must exist is intent. Lawyers need to be able to prove that the defendant voluntarily committed the crime. In the case of homicidal sleepwalking, also known as homicidal somnambulism, the person cannot be held responsible for their crimes committed while sleepwalking, because they did not voluntarily commit the crime. There are very few cases where a person has been murdered, and the key suspect claims that they were sleepwalking when  they committed the crime. However, there are some cases where the defense has been able to prove that the defendants innocence using the sleepwalking defense. Here are some of those cases. Albert Tirrell In 1845, Albert Tirrell was married with two children when he fell in love with Maria Bickford, a sex worker  in a Boston brothel. Tirrell left his family to be with Bickford, and the two began living as husband and wife. Despite their relationship, Bickford continued to work in the sex industry, much to Tirrells displeasure. On October 27, 1845, Tirrell slit Bickfords neck with a razor blade, nearly decapitating her. He then set fire to the brother and fled to New Orleans.  There were several witnesses who identified Tirrell as the killer, and he was quickly arrested in New Orleans. Tirrells lawyer, Rufus Choate, explained to the jury that his client suffered from  chronic sleepwalking and that on the night that he murdered Bickford, he could have been suffering from a nightmare or experiencing a trance-like state, and therefore was unaware of his actions. The jury bought the sleepwalking argument and found Tirrell not guilty. It was the first case in the U.S. in which a lawyer used the defense of sleepwalking that resulted in a verdict of not guilty. Sergeant Willis Boshears In 1961, Sergeant Willis Boshears,  29, was a serviceman from Michigan, stationed in the U.K. On New Years Eve, Boshears spent the day drinking vodka and beer and had little to eat due to dental work. He stopped into a bar and got into a conversation with Jean Constable and David Sault. The three drank and talked and eventually made their way to Boshears apartment. When Constable and Sault began having sex in Boshears bedroom, he dragged a mattress by the fire and continued to drink alone. When they were finished, they joined Boshears on the mattress and fell asleep. Sault woke up at around 1 a.m., got dressed and left. Boshears fell back to sleep. The next thing he recalled was that he woke up with his hands around Jeans limp  neck. The following day he disposed of the body under a bush where it was discovered on January 3. He was arrested later the same week and charged with murder. Boshears pleaded not guilty, stating that he was asleep when he murdered Jean. The jury agreed with the defense and Boshears was acquitted. Kenneth Parks Kenneth Parks was 23 years old, married and with a 5-month old baby. He enjoyed an easygoing  relationship with his in-laws. In the summer of 1986, Parks developed a gambling problem and was in a lot of debt. In an effort  to get out of his financial problems he used the money in the family savings and began embezzling money from his place of employment. By March 1987, his theft was discovered, and he was fired. In May, Parks joined Gamblers Anonymous and decided it was time to come  clean  with his grandmother and his in-laws about his gambling debts. He arranged to meet his grandmother on May 23 and his in-laws on May 24. On May 24, Parks claimed that while he was still asleep, he got out of bed and drove to his in-laws house. He then broke into their home and assaulted the couple, then stabbed his mother-in-law to death. Next, he drove to the police station, and while he was asking for help, he apparently woke up. He told the police on duty that he thought he killed some people. Parks was arrested for the murder of his mother-in-law. The father-in-law somehow survived the attack. During his trial, his lawyer used the sleepwalking defense. It included the readings of an EEG that was given to Parks that produced highly irregular results. Unable to provide an answer as to what was causing the EGG results, it was concluded the Parks was telling the truth and had experienced a sleepwalking murder. The jury agreed, and Parks was acquitted. The Canadian Supreme Court later upheld the acquittal. Jo Ann Kiger On August 14, 1963, Jo Ann Kiger was having a nightmare and thought that a crazed madman was running through her home. She claimed that while she was asleep, she armed herself with two revolvers, entered her parents room where they were sleeping, and fired the guns. Both parents were hit with bullets. Her father died from his injuries, and her mother managed to survive. Kiger was arrested and charged with murder, but a jury was shown Kigers history of sleepwalking before the incident, and she was acquitted. Jules Lowe Jules Lowe of Manchester, England was arrested and charged with the murder of his 83-year-old father Edward Lowe, who was brutally beaten and found dead in his driveway. During the trial, Lowe admitted to killing his father, but because he suffered from sleepwalking, he did not remember committing the act.   Lowe, who shared a house with his father, had a history of sleepwalking, had never been known to show any violence towards his father and had an excellent relationship with him. Defense lawyers also had Lowe tested by sleep experts who provided testimony at his trial that, based on the tests, Lowe suffered from sleepwalking. The defense concluded that the murder of his father was a result of insane automatism and that he could not be held legally responsible for the murder. The jury agreed, and Lowe was sent to a psychiatric hospital where he was treated for 10 months and then released. Michael Ricksgers   In 1994, Michael Ricksgers was convicted of the murder of his wife. Ricksgers claimed that he shot his wife to death while sleepwalking. His lawyers told the jury that the episode was brought on by sleep apnea, a medical condition that the defendant suffered from. Ricksgers also said he thought that he dreamed that an intruder was breaking into their home and that he shot at him. The police believe Ricksgers was upset with his wife. When she told him she was leaving, he shot her to death. In this case, the jury sided with the prosecution and Ricksgers was sentenced to life in prison without the chance of parole. Why Do Some Sleepwalkers Become Violent? There is no clear explanation why some people become violent while sleepwalking. Sleepwalkers who are suffering from stress, sleep deprivation, and depression do seem more susceptible to experiencing violent episodes than others, but there is no medical proof that negative emotions result in  homicidal sleepwalking. Because there are so few cases  to draw conclusions from, a comprehensive medical explanation may never be available.

Border Security Deal Boosts Immigration Bill Prospects Essay

Alan, G., USA, T. (n.d): Border-security deal boosts immigration bill prospects. usa today. In this article, the author have related how to reinforce the U.S border from the inflow of illegal immigrants from Mexico and regularized those immigrants who already live in U.S .The worries that bill devoted be used to provide more manpower, fencing and technology on the border with Mexico is minimized. The U.S decision makers are divided about illegal immigration issue .One group decides to invest in border security, but other group suggests to use that bill to offer citizenship to millions of people before it is proven, or certified by Congress, that the porous border is truly secure so millions more will not follow them. Yet there is not a final decision about this illegal immigration issue. The author Alan Greenspan is economist, Ph.D. from New York City University. He was Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board and works currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. He Author of 19 books including The Age Of Turbulence: Adventures In A New World and39 followers The author was so specific in this article by talking only about Mexican immigrants .There is not only the Mexican people as illegal immigrants in U.S Immigrants came from everywhere. Because I will talk on immigration in general, I won’t use this article in my research. Bob, S., USA, T. (n.d). Immigration issues touch denominations. USAShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration On The United States2434 Words   |  10 PagesImmigration has been a topic for debate in the last couple of decades. Migrations have always caused a shock to the American people, whether it was from Japan, Eastern Europe, and now the large quantity of immigrants coming from Latin America. 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Organisational Changes And Developmenvt - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Changes And Development. Answer: Introduction Organizational change and development occurs only when a company moves from the present state to a developed state in the future which helps in increasing effectiveness. Change usually happens due to pressure from both external and internal forces in the organization, it usually affects the whole company. A company while trying to bring in development and change looks to increase the output but also tries to cut down on costs and expenses. As an external agent therefore I need to address a few key issues so that a University can see a major organizational change. There are three key areas which have been identified as areas for improvement. Firstly, it is about the environmental sustainability, errors in databases and communication[2]. Environmental sustainability Reducing printing cost The cost of printing is very often overlooked but it is one of the higher expenses in a university. This cost is unmonitored almost always resulting in needless expenditure. To address the issue a print management software like Papercut can be installed. The software if installed can track the amount of materials that have been printed. It helps in about 50 percent reduction in print volume. The software also helps keep documents secure and confidential. Another option can be to reduce colour printing as it is five times more expensive than black and white[3]. There can also be a secure pull printing where students do not have to print from different printers but can instead send their files to a network queue from which they can walk up and print anytime. Also, PDFs are the latest ways to reduce printing cost where large documents can be compressed and send via email to students. This can be done in case of lectures or books. PDFs also gives one access to the documents anytime and a nywhere. Therefore if a student fails to get a particular document to university he or she will always have the PDF to fall back on. Reducing Water Consumption First of all to reduce water consumption in a University one has to target leaks, fix them and then introduce water efficient technology[4]. These can include dual flash and sensor based toilets, low-flow shower heads, auto-shutoff mechanisms in sinks and basins[5]. Equipments like dishwashers, sprayers, steam cookers should also be used which reduce water consumption. Like in many other Universities including the one in Boston, rain water harvesting can also be done. In this type rain water is collected in large tanks which can be then used for flushing in toilets[6]. Elimination of trays in the dining hall can also reduce water consumption considerably and the university can save around 30,000 gallons of water per week. Awareness is also an issue and students ideally have to be reminded of things, therefore Save Water signs in washrooms can also help a great deal in reducing water consumption. Reducing energy consumption Energy consumption or otherwise electricity bills are another major area of concern for Universities. Usually the authorities and students need to be smart if they are to cut down on the expenses. First of all they can resort to day light harvesting. In day light harvesting classroom windows can be kept open and light turned off[7]. In Universities especially Zone Scheduling can be done too where lighting in definite sections of a building can be shut down or reduced on a schedule. In the classrooms occupancy sensors can be installed which detect infrared and motion signatures and adjusts light settings accordingly. Also the kind of lights that are being used should be looked into and LEDs should be installed of the same power so that it helps in cost reduction. Besides these, there can be processes like After-Hours Override which allow temporary changes in light settings after usual work hours at the University. A central monitoring and control can also be set up from where maintena nce staff can control and monitor the buildings of the university from different consoles[8]. Lastly, a holiday scheduling can be done where lighting can be controlled for classrooms, lecture hall, theatres or labs for the year ensuring that during holidays the lights do not run in occupied mode. Errors in databases Students and Employee Records Errors in maintaining a student record are always difficult to prevent. However, in a University is it very necessary as it concerns the future of a student. First of all the computers in which the databases and records of students are stored should be tuned regularly so that they perform smoothly. The files need to have a back up and then a maintenance check can be done. While maintaining the databases one can delete unnecessary files or files relating to duplicacy. Software like Oracle and Amazon DB also help in maintaining databases without glitches. Maintaining a database manually can get difficult at times and is more prone to errors. The same steps can be taken to maintain the records of employees of the University. The employees are an integral part of the institution and there should not be any discrepancies regarding their databases. Financial records These records too are extremely important to the University and should be maintained properly without errors. One small problem with figures can lead to bigger problems like excessive expenditure for the University and thus it should be avoided at all cost. Thus to keep an error free financial database one needs to keep the right kind of records with the right labeling. The records have to clearly document every income and expenditure. One has to attach supporting documents like invoices, bills, sales slips, cancelled checks and deposit slips in an organized way[9]. Gone are the days when business and educational institutions alike used to manually calculate the incomes and expenditures. Nowadays there are a lot of accounting software which help cut down the errors. Online software like Wave and Quickbooks have almost helped in minimizing risks in financial accounting to zero percent. These two types of software can be used instead of Tally in the University finance section and therefore it can help reduce the errors. Improving Communication between Departments The communication between departments is an issue in Universities as they do not have the same subject to talk about unlike in an office where everybody is working towards attaining the same goal. To create a cohesive environment between the students one should first identify what each department needs every day. Such information might range from books in the libraries, e books for kindle or even answer sheets. There should be an internal blog of the university where these things can then be put up along with the necessities of other departments. These help the departments come together on a single platform. The blog also helps the departments with a transparent two way communication channel. The communication can also be improved with the help of written communication like one Head of Department writing to another inviting him and the students to attend a seminar[10]. The Deans can also write to each other and to the students congratulating them on some new found successes. Improving communication between employees and management Relationships can seldom thrive without proper communication which is quite crucial for happiness and success. Therefore a proper communication process has to be established between the management and the employees. Check in with employees is a must, so that they can discuss the work they have at hand and the whole organization as a whole. Employees want to be heard and they are quite upbeat about sharing their opinions. The employees need to feel comfortable in their positions. It is not an easy task to improve a thing if one does not know what are the negatives. Communication techniques such as phone calls, text messages, in person communications and email all serve valuable purposes. Email might not be the perfect way to strike conversations with some one. Therefore, again there is a need of social intranet software. There should also be an Open Door Policy where professors should not feel uncomfortable in approaching the Deans or the Head of the Departments[11]. The professors or any employees for that matter might not feel at ease to share some experiences with their immediate bosses and thus there is always a need for the Open Door policy. Improving communications between peers Cultural fests and fetes are the best ways of having students interact with each other which is very necessary in a University. These can be staged twice a year to increase interaction. Also the social medias should be used for it too. This is a common platform where employees and students alike can share, like and comment interesting facts about the university[12]. A social intranet software can also be used where students can share their area of interest with one another to have meaningful conversations. Conclusion Thus to bring in change and development in the university the above plans need to be executed. Some are already in process which needs to be tweaked a bit if possible. Others have to be implemented if the university wants to cut down on the expenses and also improve the communication between students, employees and management. References Bero, B, E Doerry, R Middleton, C Meinhardt, "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus.". in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13, 2012, 133-149. Knapp, M, J Hall, Nonverbal Communication. in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. Linvill, D, S McGee, L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis.". in Public Relations Review, 38, 2012, 636-638. Macknick, J, R Newmark, G Heath, K Hallett, "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature.". in Environmental Research Letters, 7, 2012, 045802. Mattie, J, N Shelmon, J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations. in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. Moldan, B, S Janoukov, T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets.". in Ecological Indicators, 17, 2012, 4-13. Pitsis, T, A Simpson, E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation. in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. Ranney, J, W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences.". in Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 2015, 64-74. Tibbits, S, "Printing Products.". in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 3, 2016, 135-135. Wang, X, J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system.". in Lighting Research Technology, 49, 2016, 603-617. Ward, S, F Memon, D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system.". in Water Research, 46, 2012, 5127-5134. Watanabe, M, M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex.". in Photosynthesis Research, 116, 2013, 265-276. [1] T Pitsis, A Simpson E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation, in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. [2] B Moldan, S Janoukov T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets", in Ecological Indicators, vol. 17, 2012, 4-13. [3] S Tibbits, "Printing Products", in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, vol. 3, 2016, 135-135. [4] J Macknick et al., "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature", in Environmental Research Letters, vol. 7, 2012, 045802. [5] B Bero et al., "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus", in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, vol. 13, 2012, 133-149. [6] S Ward, F Memon D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system", in Water Research, vol. 46, 2012, 5127-5134. [7] M Watanabe M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex", in Photosynthesis Research, vol. 116, 2013, 265-276. [8] X Wang J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system", in Lighting Research Technology, vol. 49, 2016, 603-617. [9] J Mattie, N Shelmon J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations, in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. [10] J Ranney W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences", in Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 51, 2015, 64-74. [11] M Knapp J Hall, Nonverbal Communication, in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. [12] D Linvill, S McGee L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis", in Public Relations Review, vol. 38, 2012, 636-638.

The Lady and the Hooligan Review Essay Example

The Lady and the Hooligan Review Paper Essay on The Lady and the Hooligan To expect from the adventurous female detective of some seriousness, especially, is psychological, or even logic of life, of course, is not necessary. They are created to entertain. In most cases, set up like a blueprint beauty-heroine, a handsome musketeer -geroy. It good girl, he a reformed bully. Both steps in the mountains of corpses, which both appear easy, so easy, and disappear without any investigations and experiences. At the end of all rich and happy. On such literature will always be in demand. And personally, I did not intend for it to condemn. She sometimes falling on the couch with a similar book to relax the brain, I read a couple of hours and then forget. It is true of all female adventurers-detektivschits caught on my shelves only Tatyana Polyakova. Easy style, brisk change of scenes, characters, describe some, but very bright strokes If you want to forget about the troubles and not let the heavy thoughts in my head I read it. Sometimes no, but often funny. Ofte n easy and empty, but sometimes something slips It is this book Lady and the Hooligan for me one of those no way. The author has more serious things. There are more fun. This is the same standard carbon paper with everything that I listed above. And really comment on the product you will not write. Read and crumbled. Even without a deposit. A few days later emerge episode, and will remember for a long time and from what kind of book it is Heres what confuses  «Tatiana Polyakova was born in Vladimir, where he lives at the moment with my family?. She graduated from the philological faculty of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute, there was a family, a son was born. It had to arrange in kindergarten, and a place in the group at that time was very bad. Therefore, Tatiana went to work as a teacher in kindergarten and stayed there for 14 years.  » Modest kindergarten and permanent piles of corpses and selected bandits. Wow sublimation product:)) We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady and the Hooligan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But to try Tatyana Polyakova in another genre Faculty of Philology Was never shoot » The result of all this 1. Wrote a review in a fit of bad mood because of the hanging previews of the book on my page in the Waiting reviews. It is unlikely that it will help the person who is waiting for this review 2. To read? Of course reading! If you want to. . If you want something easy and audacious Download electronic free here: 3. If you like serious literature and proud of your taste, immediately go to a different page. Immediately! 4. All.